Aran Islands, Irish Oileáin Árainn, three limestone islands—Inishmore, Inishmaan, and Inisheer—comprising 18 square miles (47 square km) and lying across the mouth of Galway Bay on the west coast of Ireland. They are administratively part of County Galway. The islands, whose sheer cliffs face the Atlantic Ocean, are generally bleak. Ships and ferries call mainly at the town of Kilronan on Inishmore, the largest island. The other two islands were long accessible only by currach, a primitive type of boat. The people, who speak Irish, farm and fish under very difficult conditions. The Aran Islands are made up of horizontal sheets of Carboniferous limestone and do not have naturally occurring topsoil. The inhabitants raise crops of oats and potatoes on soil that they have made using seaweed, sand, and manure. Some cattle are raised, and subsistence fishing is carried on. Tourism provides a significant source of income, with visitors attracted by the islands’ austere charm and the impressive remains of prehistoric and early Christian hill forts. Two local Irish clans, the O’Briens and the O’Flahertys, ruled the islands until an English military garrison was built on Inishmore in the late 16th century.
Aspects of the islanders’ life formed the basis of the play Riders to the Sea (1904) and the book of impressions The Aran Islands (1907) by John Millington Synge. Man of Aran, a documentary film (1934) by Robert Flaherty, also depicted island life. The author Liam O’Flaherty was a native of Gort na gCapall, Inishmore.
Europe, second smallest of the world’s continents, composed of the westward-projecting peninsulas of Eurasia (the great landmass that it shares with Asia) and occupying nearly one-fifteenth of the world’s total land area. It is bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the south (west to east) by the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, the Kuma-Manych Depression, and the Caspian Sea. The continent’s eastern boundary (north to south) runs along the Ural Mountains and then roughly southwest along the Emba (Zhem) River, terminating at the northern Caspian coast.
Europe’s largest islands and archipelagoes include Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land, Svalbard, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, the British Isles, the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta, Crete, and Cyprus. Its major peninsulas include Jutland and the Scandinavian, Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas. Indented by numerous bays, fjords, and seas, continental Europe’s highly irregular coastline is about 24,000 miles (38,000 km) long.
Among the continents, Europe is an anomaly. Larger only than Australia, it is a small appendage of Eurasia. Yet the peninsular and insular western extremity of the continent, thrusting toward the North Atlantic Ocean, provides—thanks to its latitude and its physical geography—a relatively genial human habitat, and the long processes of human history came to mark off the region as the home of a distinctive civilization. In spite of its internal diversity, Europe has thus functioned, from the time it first emerged in the human consciousness, as a world apart, concentrating—to borrow a phrase from Christopher Marlowe—“infinite riches in a little room.”
As a conceptual construct, Europa, as the more learned of the ancient Greeks first conceived it, stood in sharp contrast to both Asia and Libya, the name then applied to the known northern part of Africa. Literally, Europa is now thought to have meant “Mainland,” rather than the earlier interpretation, “Sunset.” It appears to have suggested itself to the Greeks, in their maritime world, as an appropriate designation for the extensive northerly lands that lay beyond, lands with characteristics vaguely known yet clearly different from those inherent in the concepts of Asia and Libya—both of which, relatively prosperous and civilized, were associated closely with the culture of the Greeks and their...
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