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Phra Pathom Chedi — Attraction in Nakhon Pathom Province

Name
Phra Pathom Chedi
Description
Phra Pathommachedi or Phra Pathom Chedi is a Buddhist stupa in Thailand. The stupa is located in the Wat Phra Pathommachedi Ratcha Wora Maha Wihan, a temple in the town center of Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Pathom Province, Thailand. Phra Pathommachedi is the tallest stupa in the world.
Nearby attractions
Wat Phra Ngam
45 āļ–āļ™āļ™āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāđ‚āļĢāļ‡āđ„āļŸāļŸāđ‰āļē Tambon Nakhon Pathom, Mueang Nakhon Pathom District, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
Nearby restaurants
Nai Chua Roasted Pork
8 Thanon Sai Pra, Phra Prathom Chedi Sub-district, Mueang Nakhon Pathom District, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
Rakang Thong Nam-Pla Wan
98 Langpra Rd, Tambon Phra Prathom Chedi, Mueang Nakhon Pathom District, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŪāļ°āđ€āļŠāđ‡āļ‡ āļ•āļĨāļēāļ”āļĨāđˆāļēāļ‡ (āļĢāđ‰āļēāļ™āđ€āļāđˆāļē)
34 35 āļ–āļ™āļ™ āļžāļāļēāļāļ‡ Phra Prathom Chedi Sub-district, Mueang Nakhon Pathom District, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
Hongyok Pork Red Rice - āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ§āļŦāļĄāļđāđāļ”āļ‡āļŦāļ‡āļĐāđŒāļŦāļĒāļāļ™āļ„āļĢāļ›āļāļĄ(āļĢāļīāļĄāļ„āļĨāļ­āļ‡)
R3C6+CXH, Phiphit Prasat Rd, Tambon Phra Prathom Chedi, Mueang Nakhon Pathom District, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
āļĢāđ‰āļēāļ™āđƒāļŠāđˆāļ™āļĄ āļŠāļēāļ‚āļēāļ‹āļ­āļĒāļ•āđ‰āļ™āļŠāļ™ āļ™āļ„āļĢāļ›āļāļĄ
6, 4 Tanon Rajdamnern, Tambon Phra Prathom Chedi, Mueang Nakhon Pathom District, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āļŠāļĒāļēāļĄ āļ āļąāļ•āļ•āļēāļ„āļēāļĢ & āđ‚āļ•āđŠāļ°āļˆāļĩāļ™
2/1-8 Rachadamnern Soi 1, Phra Prathom Chedi Sub-district, Muang, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
Premium Craft Pizza - āļŠāļēāļ‚āļēāļ™āļ„āļĢāļ›āļāļĄ (āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļžāļĢāļ°)
74/1-7 āļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™ 2 Langpra Rd, āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡ Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
J-Jon Restaurant
R384+RX4, Tambon Phra Prathom Chedi, Mueang Nakhon Pathom District, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
Boxgallery
54/1 āļ–.āļĢāļ–āđ„āļŸāļ•āļ°āļ§āļąāļ™āļ•āļ āļ•.āļžāļĢāļ° Phra Prathom Chedi Sub-district, Mueang Nakhon Pathom District, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
Fairy Tale cozy dessert home
307 āļ–. āļĢāļ–āđ„āļŸ Phra Prathom Chedi Sub-district, āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
Nearby local services
Nearby hotels
āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āđāļĢāļĄ āļĄāļēāļĒāļĢāļđāļĄ āļ™āļ„āļĢāļ›āļāļĄ My ROOM
23 āđ€āļĨāļ‚āļ—āļĩāđˆ 1102 Kotgrich Rd, Phra Prathom Chedi Sub-district, Mueang Nakhon Pathom District, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
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Keywords
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Phra Pathom Chedi things to do, attractions, restaurants, events info and trip planning
Phra Pathom Chedi
ThailandNakhon Pathom ProvincePhra Pathom Chedi

Basic Info

Phra Pathom Chedi

27 Tesa Rd, Phra Prathom Chedi Sub-district, Mueang Nakhon Pathom District, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand
4.7(6.4K)
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Phra Pathommachedi or Phra Pathom Chedi is a Buddhist stupa in Thailand. The stupa is located in the Wat Phra Pathommachedi Ratcha Wora Maha Wihan, a temple in the town center of Nakhon Pathom, Nakhon Pathom Province, Thailand. Phra Pathommachedi is the tallest stupa in the world.

Cultural
Family friendly
attractions: Wat Phra Ngam, restaurants: Nai Chua Roasted Pork, Rakang Thong Nam-Pla Wan, āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŪāļ°āđ€āļŠāđ‡āļ‡ āļ•āļĨāļēāļ”āļĨāđˆāļēāļ‡ (āļĢāđ‰āļēāļ™āđ€āļāđˆāļē), Hongyok Pork Red Rice - āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ§āļŦāļĄāļđāđāļ”āļ‡āļŦāļ‡āļĐāđŒāļŦāļĒāļāļ™āļ„āļĢāļ›āļāļĄ(āļĢāļīāļĄāļ„āļĨāļ­āļ‡), āļĢāđ‰āļēāļ™āđƒāļŠāđˆāļ™āļĄ āļŠāļēāļ‚āļēāļ‹āļ­āļĒāļ•āđ‰āļ™āļŠāļ™ āļ™āļ„āļĢāļ›āļāļĄ, āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āļŠāļĒāļēāļĄ āļ āļąāļ•āļ•āļēāļ„āļēāļĢ & āđ‚āļ•āđŠāļ°āļˆāļĩāļ™, Premium Craft Pizza - āļŠāļēāļ‚āļēāļ™āļ„āļĢāļ›āļāļĄ (āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļžāļĢāļ°), J-Jon Restaurant, Boxgallery, Fairy Tale cozy dessert home, local businesses:
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Reviews

Nearby attractions of Phra Pathom Chedi

Wat Phra Ngam

Wat Phra Ngam

Wat Phra Ngam

4.5

(332)

Closed
Click for details

Nearby restaurants of Phra Pathom Chedi

Nai Chua Roasted Pork

Rakang Thong Nam-Pla Wan

āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŪāļ°āđ€āļŠāđ‡āļ‡ āļ•āļĨāļēāļ”āļĨāđˆāļēāļ‡ (āļĢāđ‰āļēāļ™āđ€āļāđˆāļē)

Hongyok Pork Red Rice - āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ§āļŦāļĄāļđāđāļ”āļ‡āļŦāļ‡āļĐāđŒāļŦāļĒāļāļ™āļ„āļĢāļ›āļāļĄ(āļĢāļīāļĄāļ„āļĨāļ­āļ‡)

āļĢāđ‰āļēāļ™āđƒāļŠāđˆāļ™āļĄ āļŠāļēāļ‚āļēāļ‹āļ­āļĒāļ•āđ‰āļ™āļŠāļ™ āļ™āļ„āļĢāļ›āļāļĄ

āļ„āļĢāļąāļ§āļŠāļĒāļēāļĄ āļ āļąāļ•āļ•āļēāļ„āļēāļĢ & āđ‚āļ•āđŠāļ°āļˆāļĩāļ™

Premium Craft Pizza - āļŠāļēāļ‚āļēāļ™āļ„āļĢāļ›āļāļĄ (āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļžāļĢāļ°)

J-Jon Restaurant

Boxgallery

Fairy Tale cozy dessert home

Nai Chua Roasted Pork

Nai Chua Roasted Pork

4.4

(835)

Closed
Click for details
Rakang Thong Nam-Pla Wan

Rakang Thong Nam-Pla Wan

4.4

(109)

Closed
Click for details
āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŪāļ°āđ€āļŠāđ‡āļ‡ āļ•āļĨāļēāļ”āļĨāđˆāļēāļ‡ (āļĢāđ‰āļēāļ™āđ€āļāđˆāļē)

āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŪāļ°āđ€āļŠāđ‡āļ‡ āļ•āļĨāļēāļ”āļĨāđˆāļēāļ‡ (āļĢāđ‰āļēāļ™āđ€āļāđˆāļē)

3.8

(676)

Closed
Click for details
Hongyok Pork Red Rice - āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ§āļŦāļĄāļđāđāļ”āļ‡āļŦāļ‡āļĐāđŒāļŦāļĒāļāļ™āļ„āļĢāļ›āļāļĄ(āļĢāļīāļĄāļ„āļĨāļ­āļ‡)

Hongyok Pork Red Rice - āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ§āļŦāļĄāļđāđāļ”āļ‡āļŦāļ‡āļĐāđŒāļŦāļĒāļāļ™āļ„āļĢāļ›āļāļĄ(āļĢāļīāļĄāļ„āļĨāļ­āļ‡)

3.7

(346)

Closed
Click for details
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Reviews of Phra Pathom Chedi

4.7
(6,397)
avatar
5.0
1y

I read in the reviews that not many people there, but even though we were there in the evening, I thought there were a lot of people. But that's probably because we went in November, after the holidays. In 2024, the festival was held from 12 to 20 November. On this very special holiday, thousands of locals come and pay homage to the temple and walk around the base of the chedi. We were there 22.11

Respectful dress is required. We were there when the sun was going down, so we saw everything lit up

I was amazed at the organisation of the traffic... As I have been many times before... We arrived by bus in front of the wall of this temple, the bus stopped... immediately some official put cones on the left side of the bus to let the traffic behind the Nai know that this lane would be blocked... And being in Thailand, you get off on the left side... But we didn't have to worry about cars hitting us when we got out onto the road, because there were already cones there, so the cars didn't get into that lane... It's very surprising to me and I've seen it a few times during our visit to Thailand... That it only works with the buses and there's always an official there to make sure the tourists are parked safely and get off. Super cool

Phra Pathom Chedi, the world's tallest stupa at 120 metres, is a major Buddhist landmark in Thailand, rich in historical and religious significance. The architecture of the chedi is striking, with its massive bell-shaped stupa covered in orange tiles that glow in the sun. The complex includes several smaller buildings, including chapels, statues and a museum of Buddhist artefacts. Its name translates as 'The Holy Stupa of the Beginning', reflecting its status as one of the earliest centres of Buddhism in Thailand. The original stupa is believed to have been built around the 3rd century BC during the reign of the Indian emperor Ashoka, although the current massive structure was built in the 19th century under King Rama IV.

You can see Niches around the base contain hundreds of Buddha images for each day of the week. A large gilded standing Buddha (Phra Ruang Rodjanarith) holds the ashes of King Rama VI. The complex includes Wat Phra Pathom Chedi, with shrines, prayer areas and religious artwork open to visitors. The Wat Phra Pathom Chedi Museum and the National Museum display artefacts from the Dvaravati era. Nearby, a market sells Buddhist amulets and food stalls offer Thai cuisine. A viharn houses a reclining Buddha, and bells in the courtyard can be rung for good luck

It is a revered pilgrimage site for Buddhists and a popular destination for visitors interested in Thai culture and history. It hosts an annual festival in November that attracts thousands of pilgrims and tourists. Offerings: Candles/lamps: These are lit as offerings to the Buddha, symbolising the light of wisdom and compassion. Oil: Oil is a common offering in many Buddhist traditions. It can symbolise purity, nourishment and the smooth flow of life. Incense: Another common offering is joss sticks, which are burned to create incense. The smoke is believed to carry prayers and offerings to the spiritual realm. Flowers: Fresh flowers are often offered as a symbol of beauty and respect. Meaning: Devotion: Lighting lamps, making offerings and reciting prayers are ways of expressing devotion and generating merit. Respect: It's a gesture of respect and gratitude to the Buddha and the teachings. Creating positive energy: The act of offering is believed to create positive energy and blessings for...

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avatar
4.0
6y

Pra Pathommachedi ( Phra Pathom Chedi, Phra means monk, prist some society used for classifications, Pathom means first, initial order, Chedi means stupa where relics or remains contained) is a stupa located in “ Wat Phra Pathommachedi Ratcha Wora Maha Wihan” situated at the center of city, Tambon Phra Pathom Chedi, Amphoe Mueang Nakhon Pathom, Chang Wat Nakorn Pathom.At the beginning, dating back to the 3 th century B.C. ( before Christ) the Indian emperor Asoka wanted to spread Buddhism to Asia including this area, many monks were sent out to fulfill his requirements, relics from Buddha were brought to enshrine in the”Phra Pathom Chedi “( means first holy stupa).Initially this stupa was called in Khmer “ Phrathom Chedi” means “ big stupa “ on the other hand the northern regions called “royal stupa”, it is small size. During the reign of King Rama 4 , the bigger size of chedi was built to cover the original stupa ( totally 2 stupa, the first one was modeled after the Great Stupa of Sanchi ( built in the 3 th century) In Central India ( UNESCO World Heritage Site), the second one was modeled after ancient Kom). In A.D. 1853 the restoration was done during the reign of King Rama 6, finished the job in A.D. 1870 ( totally 17 years), finally the “ Phra Pathommachedi “ is 120 m. in height, modeled in Langa style bell shaped, during excavations stone carvings, Buddha Relics dating back to Dvaravati era. There are 4 Viharn where Buddha images contained in different posture, the standing Buddha image in the gesture of scaring dispelling (Abhaya Mudra), situated at the north side called “ Phra Ruang Rodjanarith”, large Reclining Buddha image contained in another Viharn, King Rama 6 ‘s remains are installed at the base of stature, including his beloved dog ‘s coffin kept here ( dog named “ Jalet “). “ Phra Pathom Chedi “ ‘s festival will be taken for nine days and nine nights in the twelfth month (from the evening of the full moon until the 5 th day of the waning moon) every year, the purpose of these mentioned to allow people to pay homage and worship to “ Phra Pathom Chedi “. The east side is where Museum situated, there are many interesting archaeological and historical objects worth to be seen, dating back to Dvaravati and Baan Chiang era, opened daily from 08.00 a.m. to 04.30...

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avatar
5.0
2y

āļ§āļąāļ”āļžāļĢāļ°āļ›āļāļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļžāļĢāļ°āļ­āļēāļĢāļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļ§āļ‡āļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļ­āļ āļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļĢāļēāļŠāļ§āļĢāļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļŦāļēāļĢ āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆ āļ•āļģāļšāļĨāļžāļĢāļ°āļ›āļāļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒ āļ­āļģāđ€āļ āļ­āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļ™āļ„āļĢāļ›āļāļĄ āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļ™āļ„āļĢāļ›āļāļĄ āļĄāļĩāļˆāļļāļ”āđ€āļ”āđˆāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ„āļ·āļ­ āļžāļĢāļ°āļ›āļāļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ āļžāļĢāļ°āļ˜āļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŦāļāđˆāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļđāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ”āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒ (120.45 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ)

āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļžāļĢāļ°āļ›āļāļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāļ›āļąāļˆāļˆāļļāļšāļąāļ™āļ™āļĩāđ‰ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļžāļĢāļ°āđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāļ—āļĢāļ‡āļĨāļąāļ‡āļāļē āđāļšāļšāļŠāļļāđ‚āļ‚āļ—āļąāļĒ āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđƒāļ™āļŠāļĄāļąāļĒāļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ—āļŠāļĄāđ€āļ”āđ‡āļˆāļžāļĢāļ°āļˆāļ­āļĄāđ€āļāļĨāđ‰āļēāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļŦāļąāļ§ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāđ€āļ”āļīāļĄāļ–āļķāļ‡āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāļ—āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļ–āļđāļ›āļŠāļēāļāļˆāļĩāļ•āļēāļĄāđāļšāļšāļ­āļīāļ™āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļĒāļļāļ„āļžāļĢāļ°āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ­āđ‚āļĻāļāļĄāļŦāļēāļĢāļēāļŠ āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāļ—āļĢāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļĄāđ‚āļšāļĢāļēāļ“

āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļžāļĢāļ°āļ›āļāļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāđāļĨāđ‰āļ§ āđƒāļ™āļĨāļēāļ™āļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™āļĨāļ”āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ—āļīāļĻāđƒāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļžāļĢāļ°āļ›āļāļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĢāļ°āļ­āļļāđ‚āļšāļŠāļ–āļĄāļĩāļžāļĢāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ˜āļēāļ™ āļžāļĢāļ°āļžāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĢāļđāļ›āļĻāļīāļĨāļēāļ‚āļēāļ§ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļ­āļ‡āđƒāļ™āļŠāļĩāđˆāļžāļĢāļ°āļžāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĢāļđāļ›āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļąāļšāļ™āļąāđˆāļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ— āļ›āļēāļ‡āđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđƒāļ™āļĒāļļāļ„āļ—āļ§āļēāļĢāļ§āļ”āļĩ

āļžāļĢāļ°āļ›āļāļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒ āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļžāļĢāļ°āļ›āļāļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ›āļđāļŠāļ™āļĩāļĒāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļ­āļąāļ™āļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒ āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļ§āļąāļ”āļžāļĢāļ°āļ›āļāļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāļĢāļēāļŠāļ§āļĢāļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļŦāļēāļĢ āļĄāļĩāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ•āļīāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĄāļēāļĒāļēāļ§āļ™āļēāļ™ āđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ”āļīāļĐāļāļēāļ™āļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļĢāļĄāļŠāļēāļĢāļĩāļĢāļīāļāļ˜āļēāļ•āļļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļžāļĢāļ°āđ‚āļ„āļ•āļĄāļžāļļāļ—āļ˜āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļē

āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļžāļĢāļ°āļ›āļāļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļžāļĢāļ°āđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāđƒāļŦāļāđˆ āļĢāļđāļ› āļĢāļ°āļ†āļąāļ‡āļ„āļ§āđˆāļģ āļ›āļēāļāļœāļēāļĒāļĄāļŦāļķāļĄāļē āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļĄāđ‰āļ‹āļļāļ‡ āļĢāļąāļ”āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ‚āļ‹āđˆāđ€āļŠāđ‰āļ™āļĄāļŦāļķāļĄāļēāļāđˆāļ­āļ­āļīāļ āļ–āļ·āļ­āļ›āļđāļ™ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļāļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļđāļ—āļąāļš āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļŦāļēāļĢ 4 āļ—āļīāļĻ āļāļģāđāļžāļ‡āđāļāđ‰āļ§ 2 āļŠāļąāđ‰āļ™ āļ–āļ·āļ­āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŦāļāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ” āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļąāļ™āļ”āļąāļš 1 āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒāļ­āļĩāļāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ”āļīāļĐāļāļēāļ™āļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļĢāļĄāļŠāļēāļĢāļĩāļĢāļīāļāļ˜āļēāļ•āļļ āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļĢāļ°āļžāļļāļ—āļ˜āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļē āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ„āļēāļĢāļžāļŠāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļšāļđāļŠāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļĢāļĢāļ”āļēāļžāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĻāļēāļŠāļ™āļīāļāļŠāļ™āļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ‚āļĨāļ āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļąāļ”āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ‡āļēāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĻāļāļēāļĨāļ™āļĄāļąāļŠāļāļēāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļžāļĢāļ°āļ›āļāļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒ āđƒāļ™āļ§āļąāļ™āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ 12 āļ„āđˆāļģ āđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™ 12 āļ–āļķāļ‡ āļ§āļąāļ™āđāļĢāļĄ 5 āļ„āđˆāļģ āđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™ 12 āļĢāļ§āļĄ 9 āļ§āļąāļ™ 9 āļ„āļ·āļ™ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāļ—āļļāļāļ›āļĩ

āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ•āļīāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļžāļĢāļ°āļ›āļāļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒ āļžāļĢāļ°āļ›āļāļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļ”āļīāļĄāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļē āļžāļĢāļ°āļ˜āļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒ āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļ™āļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĄāļŦāļēāļ˜āļēāļ•āļļāļŦāļĨāļ§āļ‡ āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ—āļŠāļĄāđ€āļ”āđ‡āļˆāļžāļĢāļ°āļˆāļ­āļĄāđ€āļāļĨāđ‰āļēāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļŦāļąāļ§āļĄāļĩāļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļ§āļīāļ™āļīāļˆāļ‰āļąāļĒāļ§āđˆāļē āļžāļĢāļ°āļ˜āļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ­āļēāļˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ„āļĢāļēāļ§āļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļĢāļ°āļŠāļĄāļ“āļ—āļđāļ•āđƒāļ™āļžāļĢāļ°āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ­āđ‚āļĻāļāļĄāļŦāļēāļĢāļēāļŠāđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļĄāļēāđ€āļœāļĒāđāļœāđˆāļĻāļēāļŠāļ™āļēāļĒāļąāļ‡āļŠāļļāļ§āļĢāļĢāļ“āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļāđ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āđ€āļžāļĢāļēāļ°āļžāļĢāļ°āđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāđ€āļ”āļīāļĄāļĄāļĩāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ—āļĢāļ‡āđ‚āļ­āļ„āļ§āđˆāļģāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ—āļĢāļ‡āļĄāļ°āļ™āļēāļ§āļœāđˆāļēāļ‹āļĩāļāđāļšāļšāđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļžāļĢāļ°āļŠāļ–āļđāļ›āļŠāļēāļāļˆāļĩ āđāļ•āđˆāļ›āļĢāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļĩāļĒāļ­āļ”āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļšāļšāļ›āļĢāļēāļ‡āļ„āđŒ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļžāļĢāļ°āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļŊ āļĄāļĩāļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļ§āļīāļ™āļīāļˆāļ‰āļąāļĒāļ§āđˆāļē āļ­āļēāļˆāļĄāļĩāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ™āļēāļĒāļžāļĢāļ°āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāđƒāļ”āļĄāļēāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āļ°āđ„āļ§āđ‰āļāđ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđƒāļ™āļĻāļīāļĨāļēāļˆāļēāļĢāļķāļāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ—āļĩāđˆ 2 (āļĻāļīāļĨāļēāļˆāļēāļĢāļķāļāļ§āļąāļ”āļĻāļĢāļĩāļŠāļļāļĄ) āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļĢāļ°āļĄāļŦāļēāđ€āļ–āļĢāļĻāļĢāļĩāļĻāļĢāļąāļ—āļ˜āļē āļ­āļąāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āđ„āļ§āđ‰āļ§āđˆāļē āļžāļĢāļ°āļĄāļŦāļēāđ€āļ–āļĢāļĻāļĢāļĩāļĻāļĢāļąāļ—āļ˜āļēāļŊ āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļ—āļĢāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļ§āļ°āļĄāļēāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āļ°āļžāļĢāļ°āļ˜āļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļāđˆāļ­āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļˆāļ°āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļĨāļąāļš āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļēāļ” āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ„āļĢāļēāļ§āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āđ€āļŠāļ”āđ‡āļˆāļāļĨāļąāļšāļˆāļēāļāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ™āļēāļžāļļāļ—āļ˜āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļĻāļĢāļĩāļĨāļąāļ‡āļāļē āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ—āļŠāļĄāđ€āļ”āđ‡āļˆāļžāļĢāļ°āļˆāļ­āļĄāđ€āļāļĨāđ‰āļēāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļŦāļąāļ§āļˆāļķāļ‡āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļ—āļēāļ™āļ™āļēāļĄāđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļžāļĢāļ°āļ›āļāļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒ

āđƒāļ™āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ™āļąāļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ•āļīāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļ™āļąāļāđ‚āļšāļĢāļēāļ“āļ„āļ”āļĩāļšāļēāļ‡āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļ°āļšāļļāļ§āđˆāļē āļžāļĢāļ°āļ›āļāļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāđˆāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ§āļĢāļĢāļ“āļ āļđāļĄāļī āđāļ•āđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ āļžāļĢāļ°āļĄāļŦāļēāļ˜āļēāļ•āļļāļŦāļĨāļ§āļ‡ āđƒāļ™āļĒāļļāļ„āļ—āļ§āļēāļĢāļ§āļ”āļĩāļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļē āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļœāļĨāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ„āđ‰āļ™āļžāļšāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ­āļēāļĒāļļāđ€āļāđˆāļēāđāļāđˆāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļžāļĢāļ°āļ˜āļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļ™āļĨāļēāļĒāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āđŒāļ­āļąāļāļĐāļĢ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ°āļšāļļāļ§āđˆāļē " āļžāļĢāļ°āđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āđ€āļ”āļīāļĄ āļ‚āļ­āļĄāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ āļžāļĢāļ°āļ˜āļĄ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļēāļ§āļ‚āļ­āļĄāļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡āđ† āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŠāļēāļ§āļĨāļ§āļĢāļąāļ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļĄāļąāļĒāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļĢāļēāļāđ‡āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‚āļ­āļĄ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļ‚āļ­āļĄāļŠāļšāļēāļ”āđ‚āļ‚āļĨāļāļĨāļģāļžāļ‡ āļ„āļģāļ§āđˆāļē āļ˜āļĄ āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļš āļŠāļēāļ§āļ‚āļ­āļĄ āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āđƒāļŦāļāđˆ āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļāļąāļšāļ„āļģāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļ§āđˆāļē āļŦāļĨāļ§āļ‡ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļĢāļēāļāđ‡āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļžāļĢāļ°āļ™āļ„āļĢāļ˜āļĄ āļ§āđˆāļē āļžāļĢāļ°āļ™āļ„āļĢāļŦāļĨāļ§āļ‡ āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļœāļĨāđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļ™

āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ§āļąāļ”āļžāļĢāļ°āļ›āļāļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāļĒāļąāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļĢāļĄāļĢāļēāļŠāļŠāļĢāļĩāļĢāļēāļ‡āļ„āļēāļĢāļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ—āļŠāļĄāđ€āļ”āđ‡āļˆāļžāļĢāļ°āļĄāļ‡āļāļļāļŽāđ€āļāļĨāđ‰āļēāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļŦāļąāļ§ āļžāļĢāļ°āļŠāļĢāļĩāļĢāļēāļ‡āļ„āļēāļĢāļžāļĢāļ°āļ™āļēāļ‡āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļŠāļļāļ§āļąāļ—āļ™āļē āļžāļĢāļ°āļ§āļĢāļĢāļēāļŠāđ€āļ—āļ§āļĩāđƒāļ™āļĢāļąāļŠāļāļēāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆ 6 āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĢāļ°āļŠāļĢāļĩāļĢāļēāļ‡āļ„āļēāļĢāļŠāļĄāđ€āļ”āđ‡āļˆāļžāļĢāļ°āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ āļ„āļīāļ™āļĩāđ€āļ˜āļ­ āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļŸāđ‰āļēāđ€āļžāļŠāļĢāļĢāļąāļ•āļ™āļĢāļēāļŠāļŠāļļāļ”āļē āļŠāļīāļĢāļīāđ‚āļŠāļ āļēāļžāļąāļ“āļ“āļ§āļ”āļĩ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļšāļĢāļĢāļˆāļļāđ„āļ§āđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļ™āļąāļ‡āđ€āļšāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļˆāļ™āļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļĢāļ°āļ§āļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ—āļīāļĻāđ€āļŦāļ™āļ·āļ­ āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļžāļĢāļ°āļ›āļāļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒ

āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļˆāļ™āļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒ āļ›āļĩ āļž.āļĻ. 2451 āļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ—āļŠāļĄāđ€āļ”āđ‡āļˆāļžāļĢāļ°āļĄāļ‡āļāļļāļŽāđ€āļāļĨāđ‰āļēāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļŦāļąāļ§āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ”āļģāļĢāļ‡āļžāļĢāļ°āļ­āļīāļŠāļĢāļīāļĒāļĒāļĻāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļĒāļēāļĄāļĄāļāļļāļŽāļĢāļēāļŠāļāļļāļĄāļēāļĢ āđ€āļŠāļ”āđ‡āļˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āļžāļēāļŠāļŦāļąāļ§āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŦāļ™āļ·āļ­ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ—āļ­āļ”āļžāļĢāļ°āđ€āļ™āļ•āļĢāļžāļĢāļ°āļžāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĢāļđāļ›āđ‚āļšāļĢāļēāļ“āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļąāļ™āļĄāļēāļ āđāļ•āđˆāļĄāļĩāļžāļĢāļ°āļžāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĢāļđāļ›āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĻāļĢāļĩāļŠāļąāļŠāļ™āļēāļĨāļąāļĒ (āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļŠāļļāđ‚āļ‚āļ—āļąāļĒ) āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļžāļĢāļ°āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ‡āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļŦāļĪāļ—āļąāļĒ āđāļ•āđˆāļŠāļģāļĢāļļāļ”āļĄāļēāļāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđāļ•āđˆāļžāļĢāļ°āđ€āļĻāļĩāļĒāļĢ āļžāļĢāļ°āļŦāļąāļ•āļ–āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ— āļˆāļķāļ‡āđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ”āđ€āļāļĨāđ‰āļēāļŊ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļąāļāđ€āļŠāļīāļāļĨāļ‡āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļļāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļžāļŊ āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŠāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļąāđ‰āļ™āļŠāļ–āļēāļ›āļ™āļēāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļĄāļēāļšāļĢāļīāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āđŒāđ€āļ•āđ‡āļĄāļžāļĢāļ°āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒ āđāļĨāļ°āđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ”āđ€āļāļĨāđ‰āļēāļŊ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļžāļīāļ˜āļĩāđ€āļ—āļ—āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļĨāđˆāļ­āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ 30 āļ˜āļąāļ™āļ§āļēāļ„āļĄ āļž.āļĻ. 2456 āļ“ āļ§āļąāļ”āļžāļĢāļ°āđ€āļŠāļ•āļļāļžāļ™āļ§āļīāļĄāļĨāļĄāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĨāļēāļĢāļēāļĄ āļāļĢāļļāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļžāļĄāļŦāļēāļ™āļ„āļĢ

āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļˆāļ™āļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ„āļēāļĢāļžāļšāļđāļŠāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĻāļēāļŠāļ™āļīāļāļŠāļ™āļŠāļēāļ§āđ„āļ—āļĒāļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ› āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ•āđ‡āļĄāļāđ‡āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļˆāļ™āļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒ āļĻāļĢāļĩāļ­āļīāļ™āļ—āļĢāļēāļ—āļīāļ•āļĒāđŒāļ˜āļĢāļĢāđ‚āļĄāļ āļēāļŠ āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļŠāļīāļĢāļēāļ§āļļāļ˜āļĢāļēāļŠāļ›āļđāļŠāļ™āļĩāļĒāļšāļžāļīāļ•āļĢ āļ•āļēāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĻāļāļĢāļ°āđāļŠāļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļĢāļĄāļĢāļēāļŠāđ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ‡āļ§āļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ 12 āļ•āļļāļĨāļēāļ„āļĄ āļž.āļĻ. 2466 āđāļ•āđˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļŠāļ™āļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ›āļˆāļ°āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļē āļŦāļĨāļ§āļ‡āļžāđˆāļ­āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāđˆāļ§āļ‡ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļˆāļ™āļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒ

āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļˆāļ™āļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒ āļĄāļĩāļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļđāļ‡āļ§āļąāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ—āļ–āļķāļ‡āļžāļĢāļ°āđ€āļāļĻ 7.42 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļĢāļēāļ§ 12 āļĻāļ­āļ 4 āļ™āļīāđ‰āļ§ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļžāļĢāļ°āļžāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĢāļđāļ›āļ›āļēāļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļēāļĄāļāļēāļ•āļī āļĻāļīāļĨāļ›āļ°āđāļšāļšāļŠāļļāđ‚āļ‚āļ—āļąāļĒ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļąāļšāļĒāļ·āļ™āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļšāļ™āļāļēāļ™āļ—āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļĨāļēāļĒāļšāļąāļ§āļ„āļ§āđˆāļģāļšāļąāļ§āļŦāļ‡āļēāļĒ āļ—āļģāļ§āļ‡āļžāļĢāļ°āļžāļąāļāļ•āļĢāđŒāļ•āļēāļĄāļĒāļēāļ§ āļžāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ™āļļāđ€āļŠāļĩāđ‰āļĒāļĄāļ™āļīāđ‰āļ§āļžāļĢāļ°āļŦāļąāļ•āļ–āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ—āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļŠāļĄāļ­āļāļąāļ™ āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļžāļĢāļ°āļŦāļąāļ•āļ–āđŒāļ‹āđ‰āļēāļĒāļĨāļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļžāļĢāļ°āļ§āļĢāļāļēāļĒ āđāļšāļāđˆāļēāļžāļĢāļ°āļŦāļąāļ•āļ–āđŒāļ‚āļ§āļēāļĒāļāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļĒāļ·āđˆāļ™āļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ›āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļžāļĢāļ°āļ­āļļāļĢāļ° āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļīāļĢāļīāļĒāļēāļŦāđ‰āļēāļĄ...

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🏞ïļ Bangkok's Off-the-Beaten-Path Gem ðŸŒģ
Ingrid KacaniovaIngrid Kacaniova
I read in the reviews that not many people there, but even though we were there in the evening, I thought there were a lot of people. But that's probably because we went in November, after the holidays. In 2024, the festival was held from 12 to 20 November. On this very special holiday, thousands of locals come and pay homage to the temple and walk around the base of the chedi. We were there 22.11 Respectful dress is required. We were there when the sun was going down, so we saw everything lit up I was amazed at the organisation of the traffic... As I have been many times before... We arrived by bus in front of the wall of this temple, the bus stopped... immediately some official put cones on the left side of the bus to let the traffic behind the Nai know that this lane would be blocked... And being in Thailand, you get off on the left side... But we didn't have to worry about cars hitting us when we got out onto the road, because there were already cones there, so the cars didn't get into that lane... It's very surprising to me and I've seen it a few times during our visit to Thailand... That it only works with the buses and there's always an official there to make sure the tourists are parked safely and get off. Super cool Phra Pathom Chedi, the world's tallest stupa at 120 metres, is a major Buddhist landmark in Thailand, rich in historical and religious significance. The architecture of the chedi is striking, with its massive bell-shaped stupa covered in orange tiles that glow in the sun. The complex includes several smaller buildings, including chapels, statues and a museum of Buddhist artefacts. Its name translates as 'The Holy Stupa of the Beginning', reflecting its status as one of the earliest centres of Buddhism in Thailand. The original stupa is believed to have been built around the 3rd century BC during the reign of the Indian emperor Ashoka, although the current massive structure was built in the 19th century under King Rama IV. You can see - Niches around the base contain hundreds of Buddha images for each day of the week. - A large gilded standing Buddha (Phra Ruang Rodjanarith) holds the ashes of King Rama VI. - The complex includes Wat Phra Pathom Chedi, with shrines, prayer areas and religious artwork open to visitors. - The Wat Phra Pathom Chedi Museum and the National Museum display artefacts from the Dvaravati era. - Nearby, a market sells Buddhist amulets and food stalls offer Thai cuisine. - A viharn houses a reclining Buddha, and bells in the courtyard can be rung for good luck It is a revered pilgrimage site for Buddhists and a popular destination for visitors interested in Thai culture and history. It hosts an annual festival in November that attracts thousands of pilgrims and tourists. Offerings: - Candles/lamps: These are lit as offerings to the Buddha, symbolising the light of wisdom and compassion. - Oil: Oil is a common offering in many Buddhist traditions. It can symbolise purity, nourishment and the smooth flow of life. - Incense: Another common offering is joss sticks, which are burned to create incense. The smoke is believed to carry prayers and offerings to the spiritual realm. - Flowers: Fresh flowers are often offered as a symbol of beauty and respect. Meaning: - Devotion: Lighting lamps, making offerings and reciting prayers are ways of expressing devotion and generating merit. - Respect: It's a gesture of respect and gratitude to the Buddha and the teachings. - Creating positive energy: The act of offering is believed to create positive energy and blessings for oneself and others.
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āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļ™āļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĄāļŦāļēāļ˜āļēāļ•āļļāļŦāļĨāļ§āļ‡ āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ—āļŠāļĄāđ€āļ”āđ‡āļˆāļžāļĢāļ°āļˆāļ­āļĄāđ€āļāļĨāđ‰āļēāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļŦāļąāļ§āļĄāļĩāļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļ§āļīāļ™āļīāļˆāļ‰āļąāļĒāļ§āđˆāļē āļžāļĢāļ°āļ˜āļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ­āļēāļˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ„āļĢāļēāļ§āļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļĢāļ°āļŠāļĄāļ“āļ—āļđāļ•āđƒāļ™āļžāļĢāļ°āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ­āđ‚āļĻāļāļĄāļŦāļēāļĢāļēāļŠāđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļĄāļēāđ€āļœāļĒāđāļœāđˆāļĻāļēāļŠāļ™āļēāļĒāļąāļ‡āļŠāļļāļ§āļĢāļĢāļ“āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļāđ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āđ€āļžāļĢāļēāļ°āļžāļĢāļ°āđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāđ€āļ”āļīāļĄāļĄāļĩāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ—āļĢāļ‡āđ‚āļ­āļ„āļ§āđˆāļģāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ—āļĢāļ‡āļĄāļ°āļ™āļēāļ§āļœāđˆāļēāļ‹āļĩāļāđāļšāļšāđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļžāļĢāļ°āļŠāļ–āļđāļ›āļŠāļēāļāļˆāļĩ āđāļ•āđˆāļ›āļĢāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļĩāļĒāļ­āļ”āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļšāļšāļ›āļĢāļēāļ‡āļ„āđŒ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļžāļĢāļ°āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļŊ āļĄāļĩāļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļ§āļīāļ™āļīāļˆāļ‰āļąāļĒāļ§āđˆāļē āļ­āļēāļˆāļĄāļĩāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ™āļēāļĒāļžāļĢāļ°āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāđƒāļ”āļĄāļēāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āļ°āđ„āļ§āđ‰āļāđ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđƒāļ™āļĻāļīāļĨāļēāļˆāļēāļĢāļķāļāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ—āļĩāđˆ 2 (āļĻāļīāļĨāļēāļˆāļēāļĢāļķāļāļ§āļąāļ”āļĻāļĢāļĩāļŠāļļāļĄ) āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļĢāļ°āļĄāļŦāļēāđ€āļ–āļĢāļĻāļĢāļĩāļĻāļĢāļąāļ—āļ˜āļē āļ­āļąāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āđ„āļ§āđ‰āļ§āđˆāļē āļžāļĢāļ°āļĄāļŦāļēāđ€āļ–āļĢāļĻāļĢāļĩāļĻāļĢāļąāļ—āļ˜āļēāļŊ āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļ—āļĢāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļ§āļ°āļĄāļēāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āļ°āļžāļĢāļ°āļ˜āļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļāđˆāļ­āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļˆāļ°āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļĨāļąāļš āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļēāļ” āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ„āļĢāļēāļ§āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āđ€āļŠāļ”āđ‡āļˆāļāļĨāļąāļšāļˆāļēāļāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ™āļēāļžāļļāļ—āļ˜āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļĻāļĢāļĩāļĨāļąāļ‡āļāļē āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ—āļŠāļĄāđ€āļ”āđ‡āļˆāļžāļĢāļ°āļˆāļ­āļĄāđ€āļāļĨāđ‰āļēāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļŦāļąāļ§āļˆāļķāļ‡āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļ—āļēāļ™āļ™āļēāļĄāđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļžāļĢāļ°āļ›āļāļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒ āđƒāļ™āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ™āļąāļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ•āļīāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļ™āļąāļāđ‚āļšāļĢāļēāļ“āļ„āļ”āļĩāļšāļēāļ‡āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļ°āļšāļļāļ§āđˆāļē āļžāļĢāļ°āļ›āļāļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāđˆāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ§āļĢāļĢāļ“āļ āļđāļĄāļī āđāļ•āđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ āļžāļĢāļ°āļĄāļŦāļēāļ˜āļēāļ•āļļāļŦāļĨāļ§āļ‡ āđƒāļ™āļĒāļļāļ„āļ—āļ§āļēāļĢāļ§āļ”āļĩāļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļē āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļœāļĨāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ„āđ‰āļ™āļžāļšāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ­āļēāļĒāļļāđ€āļāđˆāļēāđāļāđˆāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļžāļĢāļ°āļ˜āļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļ™āļĨāļēāļĒāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āđŒāļ­āļąāļāļĐāļĢ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ°āļšāļļāļ§āđˆāļē " āļžāļĢāļ°āđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āđ€āļ”āļīāļĄ āļ‚āļ­āļĄāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ āļžāļĢāļ°āļ˜āļĄ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļēāļ§āļ‚āļ­āļĄāļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡āđ† āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŠāļēāļ§āļĨāļ§āļĢāļąāļ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļĄāļąāļĒāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļĢāļēāļāđ‡āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‚āļ­āļĄ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļ‚āļ­āļĄāļŠāļšāļēāļ”āđ‚āļ‚āļĨāļāļĨāļģāļžāļ‡ āļ„āļģāļ§āđˆāļē āļ˜āļĄ āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļš āļŠāļēāļ§āļ‚āļ­āļĄ āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āđƒāļŦāļāđˆ āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļāļąāļšāļ„āļģāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļ§āđˆāļē āļŦāļĨāļ§āļ‡ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļĢāļēāļāđ‡āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļžāļĢāļ°āļ™āļ„āļĢāļ˜āļĄ āļ§āđˆāļē āļžāļĢāļ°āļ™āļ„āļĢāļŦāļĨāļ§āļ‡ āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļœāļĨāđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļ™ āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ§āļąāļ”āļžāļĢāļ°āļ›āļāļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāļĒāļąāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļĢāļĄāļĢāļēāļŠāļŠāļĢāļĩāļĢāļēāļ‡āļ„āļēāļĢāļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ—āļŠāļĄāđ€āļ”āđ‡āļˆāļžāļĢāļ°āļĄāļ‡āļāļļāļŽāđ€āļāļĨāđ‰āļēāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļŦāļąāļ§ āļžāļĢāļ°āļŠāļĢāļĩāļĢāļēāļ‡āļ„āļēāļĢāļžāļĢāļ°āļ™āļēāļ‡āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļŠāļļāļ§āļąāļ—āļ™āļē āļžāļĢāļ°āļ§āļĢāļĢāļēāļŠāđ€āļ—āļ§āļĩāđƒāļ™āļĢāļąāļŠāļāļēāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆ 6 āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĢāļ°āļŠāļĢāļĩāļĢāļēāļ‡āļ„āļēāļĢāļŠāļĄāđ€āļ”āđ‡āļˆāļžāļĢāļ°āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ āļ„āļīāļ™āļĩāđ€āļ˜āļ­ āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļŸāđ‰āļēāđ€āļžāļŠāļĢāļĢāļąāļ•āļ™āļĢāļēāļŠāļŠāļļāļ”āļē āļŠāļīāļĢāļīāđ‚āļŠāļ āļēāļžāļąāļ“āļ“āļ§āļ”āļĩ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļšāļĢāļĢāļˆāļļāđ„āļ§āđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļ™āļąāļ‡āđ€āļšāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļˆāļ™āļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļĢāļ°āļ§āļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ—āļīāļĻāđ€āļŦāļ™āļ·āļ­ āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļžāļĢāļ°āļ›āļāļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒ āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļˆāļ™āļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒ āļ›āļĩ āļž.āļĻ. 2451 āļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ—āļŠāļĄāđ€āļ”āđ‡āļˆāļžāļĢāļ°āļĄāļ‡āļāļļāļŽāđ€āļāļĨāđ‰āļēāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļŦāļąāļ§āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ”āļģāļĢāļ‡āļžāļĢāļ°āļ­āļīāļŠāļĢāļīāļĒāļĒāļĻāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļĒāļēāļĄāļĄāļāļļāļŽāļĢāļēāļŠāļāļļāļĄāļēāļĢ āđ€āļŠāļ”āđ‡āļˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āļžāļēāļŠāļŦāļąāļ§āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŦāļ™āļ·āļ­ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ—āļ­āļ”āļžāļĢāļ°āđ€āļ™āļ•āļĢāļžāļĢāļ°āļžāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĢāļđāļ›āđ‚āļšāļĢāļēāļ“āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļąāļ™āļĄāļēāļ āđāļ•āđˆāļĄāļĩāļžāļĢāļ°āļžāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĢāļđāļ›āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĻāļĢāļĩāļŠāļąāļŠāļ™āļēāļĨāļąāļĒ (āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļŠāļļāđ‚āļ‚āļ—āļąāļĒ) āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļžāļĢāļ°āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ‡āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļŦāļĪāļ—āļąāļĒ āđāļ•āđˆāļŠāļģāļĢāļļāļ”āļĄāļēāļāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđāļ•āđˆāļžāļĢāļ°āđ€āļĻāļĩāļĒāļĢ āļžāļĢāļ°āļŦāļąāļ•āļ–āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ— āļˆāļķāļ‡āđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ”āđ€āļāļĨāđ‰āļēāļŊ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļąāļāđ€āļŠāļīāļāļĨāļ‡āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļļāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļžāļŊ āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŠāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļąāđ‰āļ™āļŠāļ–āļēāļ›āļ™āļēāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļĄāļēāļšāļĢāļīāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āđŒāđ€āļ•āđ‡āļĄāļžāļĢāļ°āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒ āđāļĨāļ°āđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ”āđ€āļāļĨāđ‰āļēāļŊ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļžāļīāļ˜āļĩāđ€āļ—āļ—āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļĨāđˆāļ­āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ 30 āļ˜āļąāļ™āļ§āļēāļ„āļĄ āļž.āļĻ. 2456 āļ“ āļ§āļąāļ”āļžāļĢāļ°āđ€āļŠāļ•āļļāļžāļ™āļ§āļīāļĄāļĨāļĄāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĨāļēāļĢāļēāļĄ āļāļĢāļļāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļžāļĄāļŦāļēāļ™āļ„āļĢ āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļˆāļ™āļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ„āļēāļĢāļžāļšāļđāļŠāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĻāļēāļŠāļ™āļīāļāļŠāļ™āļŠāļēāļ§āđ„āļ—āļĒāļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ› āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ•āđ‡āļĄāļāđ‡āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļˆāļ™āļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒ āļĻāļĢāļĩāļ­āļīāļ™āļ—āļĢāļēāļ—āļīāļ•āļĒāđŒāļ˜āļĢāļĢāđ‚āļĄāļ āļēāļŠ āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļŠāļīāļĢāļēāļ§āļļāļ˜āļĢāļēāļŠāļ›āļđāļŠāļ™āļĩāļĒāļšāļžāļīāļ•āļĢ āļ•āļēāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĻāļāļĢāļ°āđāļŠāļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļĢāļĄāļĢāļēāļŠāđ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ‡āļ§āļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ 12 āļ•āļļāļĨāļēāļ„āļĄ āļž.āļĻ. 2466 āđāļ•āđˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļŠāļ™āļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ›āļˆāļ°āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļē āļŦāļĨāļ§āļ‡āļžāđˆāļ­āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāđˆāļ§āļ‡ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļˆāļ™āļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒ āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļˆāļ™āļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒ āļĄāļĩāļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļđāļ‡āļ§āļąāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ—āļ–āļķāļ‡āļžāļĢāļ°āđ€āļāļĻ 7.42 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļĢāļēāļ§ 12 āļĻāļ­āļ 4 āļ™āļīāđ‰āļ§ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļžāļĢāļ°āļžāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĢāļđāļ›āļ›āļēāļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļēāļĄāļāļēāļ•āļī āļĻāļīāļĨāļ›āļ°āđāļšāļšāļŠāļļāđ‚āļ‚āļ—āļąāļĒ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļąāļšāļĒāļ·āļ™āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļšāļ™āļāļēāļ™āļ—āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļĨāļēāļĒāļšāļąāļ§āļ„āļ§āđˆāļģāļšāļąāļ§āļŦāļ‡āļēāļĒ āļ—āļģāļ§āļ‡āļžāļĢāļ°āļžāļąāļāļ•āļĢāđŒāļ•āļēāļĄāļĒāļēāļ§ āļžāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ™āļļāđ€āļŠāļĩāđ‰āļĒāļĄāļ™āļīāđ‰āļ§āļžāļĢāļ°āļŦāļąāļ•āļ–āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ—āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļŠāļĄāļ­āļāļąāļ™ āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļžāļĢāļ°āļŦāļąāļ•āļ–āđŒāļ‹āđ‰āļēāļĒāļĨāļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļžāļĢāļ°āļ§āļĢāļāļēāļĒ āđāļšāļāđˆāļēāļžāļĢāļ°āļŦāļąāļ•āļ–āđŒāļ‚āļ§āļēāļĒāļāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļĒāļ·āđˆāļ™āļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ›āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļžāļĢāļ°āļ­āļļāļĢāļ° āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļīāļĢāļīāļĒāļēāļŦāđ‰āļēāļĄ āļĄāļĩāļžāļĢāļ°āļ­āļļāļ—āļĢāļžāļĨāļļāđ‰āļĒāļ­āļ­āļāļĄāļē
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I read in the reviews that not many people there, but even though we were there in the evening, I thought there were a lot of people. But that's probably because we went in November, after the holidays. In 2024, the festival was held from 12 to 20 November. On this very special holiday, thousands of locals come and pay homage to the temple and walk around the base of the chedi. We were there 22.11 Respectful dress is required. We were there when the sun was going down, so we saw everything lit up I was amazed at the organisation of the traffic... As I have been many times before... We arrived by bus in front of the wall of this temple, the bus stopped... immediately some official put cones on the left side of the bus to let the traffic behind the Nai know that this lane would be blocked... And being in Thailand, you get off on the left side... But we didn't have to worry about cars hitting us when we got out onto the road, because there were already cones there, so the cars didn't get into that lane... It's very surprising to me and I've seen it a few times during our visit to Thailand... That it only works with the buses and there's always an official there to make sure the tourists are parked safely and get off. Super cool Phra Pathom Chedi, the world's tallest stupa at 120 metres, is a major Buddhist landmark in Thailand, rich in historical and religious significance. The architecture of the chedi is striking, with its massive bell-shaped stupa covered in orange tiles that glow in the sun. The complex includes several smaller buildings, including chapels, statues and a museum of Buddhist artefacts. Its name translates as 'The Holy Stupa of the Beginning', reflecting its status as one of the earliest centres of Buddhism in Thailand. The original stupa is believed to have been built around the 3rd century BC during the reign of the Indian emperor Ashoka, although the current massive structure was built in the 19th century under King Rama IV. You can see - Niches around the base contain hundreds of Buddha images for each day of the week. - A large gilded standing Buddha (Phra Ruang Rodjanarith) holds the ashes of King Rama VI. - The complex includes Wat Phra Pathom Chedi, with shrines, prayer areas and religious artwork open to visitors. - The Wat Phra Pathom Chedi Museum and the National Museum display artefacts from the Dvaravati era. - Nearby, a market sells Buddhist amulets and food stalls offer Thai cuisine. - A viharn houses a reclining Buddha, and bells in the courtyard can be rung for good luck It is a revered pilgrimage site for Buddhists and a popular destination for visitors interested in Thai culture and history. It hosts an annual festival in November that attracts thousands of pilgrims and tourists. Offerings: - Candles/lamps: These are lit as offerings to the Buddha, symbolising the light of wisdom and compassion. - Oil: Oil is a common offering in many Buddhist traditions. It can symbolise purity, nourishment and the smooth flow of life. - Incense: Another common offering is joss sticks, which are burned to create incense. The smoke is believed to carry prayers and offerings to the spiritual realm. - Flowers: Fresh flowers are often offered as a symbol of beauty and respect. Meaning: - Devotion: Lighting lamps, making offerings and reciting prayers are ways of expressing devotion and generating merit. - Respect: It's a gesture of respect and gratitude to the Buddha and the teachings. - Creating positive energy: The act of offering is believed to create positive energy and blessings for oneself and others.
Ingrid Kacaniova

Ingrid Kacaniova

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āļ–āļ·āļ­āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŦāļāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ” āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļąāļ™āļ”āļąāļš 1 āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒāļ­āļĩāļāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ”āļīāļĐāļāļēāļ™āļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļĢāļĄāļŠāļēāļĢāļĩāļĢāļīāļāļ˜āļēāļ•āļļ āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļĢāļ°āļžāļļāļ—āļ˜āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļē āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ„āļēāļĢāļžāļŠāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļšāļđāļŠāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļšāļĢāļĢāļ”āļēāļžāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĻāļēāļŠāļ™āļīāļāļŠāļ™āļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ‚āļĨāļ āļ—āļēāļ‡āļ§āļąāļ”āļāļģāļŦāļ™āļ”āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ‡āļēāļ™āđ€āļ—āļĻāļāļēāļĨāļ™āļĄāļąāļŠāļāļēāļĢāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļžāļĢāļ°āļ›āļāļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒ āđƒāļ™āļ§āļąāļ™āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™ 12 āļ„āđˆāļģ āđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™ 12 āļ–āļķāļ‡ āļ§āļąāļ™āđāļĢāļĄ 5 āļ„āđˆāļģ āđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™ 12 āļĢāļ§āļĄ 9 āļ§āļąāļ™ 9 āļ„āļ·āļ™ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļˆāļģāļ—āļļāļāļ›āļĩ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ•āļīāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļžāļĢāļ°āļ›āļāļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒ āļžāļĢāļ°āļ›āļāļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļ”āļīāļĄāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļē āļžāļĢāļ°āļ˜āļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒ āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļ™āļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĄāļŦāļēāļ˜āļēāļ•āļļāļŦāļĨāļ§āļ‡ āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ—āļŠāļĄāđ€āļ”āđ‡āļˆāļžāļĢāļ°āļˆāļ­āļĄāđ€āļāļĨāđ‰āļēāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļŦāļąāļ§āļĄāļĩāļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļ§āļīāļ™āļīāļˆāļ‰āļąāļĒāļ§āđˆāļē āļžāļĢāļ°āļ˜āļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ­āļēāļˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļĢāđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ„āļĢāļēāļ§āļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļĢāļ°āļŠāļĄāļ“āļ—āļđāļ•āđƒāļ™āļžāļĢāļ°āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ­āđ‚āļĻāļāļĄāļŦāļēāļĢāļēāļŠāđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļĄāļēāđ€āļœāļĒāđāļœāđˆāļĻāļēāļŠāļ™āļēāļĒāļąāļ‡āļŠāļļāļ§āļĢāļĢāļ“āļ āļđāļĄāļīāļāđ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āđ€āļžāļĢāļēāļ°āļžāļĢāļ°āđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāđ€āļ”āļīāļĄāļĄāļĩāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ—āļĢāļ‡āđ‚āļ­āļ„āļ§āđˆāļģāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ—āļĢāļ‡āļĄāļ°āļ™āļēāļ§āļœāđˆāļēāļ‹āļĩāļāđāļšāļšāđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļžāļĢāļ°āļŠāļ–āļđāļ›āļŠāļēāļāļˆāļĩ āđāļ•āđˆāļ›āļĢāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļĩāļĒāļ­āļ”āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđāļšāļšāļ›āļĢāļēāļ‡āļ„āđŒ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļžāļĢāļ°āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļŊ āļĄāļĩāļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļ§āļīāļ™āļīāļˆāļ‰āļąāļĒāļ§āđˆāļē āļ­āļēāļˆāļĄāļĩāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ™āļēāļĒāļžāļĢāļ°āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāđƒāļ”āļĄāļēāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āļ°āđ„āļ§āđ‰āļāđ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđƒāļ™āļĻāļīāļĨāļēāļˆāļēāļĢāļķāļāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ—āļĩāđˆ 2 (āļĻāļīāļĨāļēāļˆāļēāļĢāļķāļāļ§āļąāļ”āļĻāļĢāļĩāļŠāļļāļĄ) āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļĢāļ°āļĄāļŦāļēāđ€āļ–āļĢāļĻāļĢāļĩāļĻāļĢāļąāļ—āļ˜āļē āļ­āļąāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āđ„āļ§āđ‰āļ§āđˆāļē āļžāļĢāļ°āļĄāļŦāļēāđ€āļ–āļĢāļĻāļĢāļĩāļĻāļĢāļąāļ—āļ˜āļēāļŊ āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļ—āļĢāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļ§āļ°āļĄāļēāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āļ°āļžāļĢāļ°āļ˜āļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āļāđˆāļ­āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āļˆāļ°āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļĨāļąāļš āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļēāļ” āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ„āļĢāļēāļ§āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āđ€āļŠāļ”āđ‡āļˆāļāļĨāļąāļšāļˆāļēāļāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ™āļēāļžāļļāļ—āļ˜āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāļĻāļĢāļĩāļĨāļąāļ‡āļāļē āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ—āļŠāļĄāđ€āļ”āđ‡āļˆāļžāļĢāļ°āļˆāļ­āļĄāđ€āļāļĨāđ‰āļēāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļŦāļąāļ§āļˆāļķāļ‡āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļ—āļēāļ™āļ™āļēāļĄāđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļžāļĢāļ°āļ›āļāļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒ āđƒāļ™āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ™āļąāļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ§āļąāļ•āļīāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļ™āļąāļāđ‚āļšāļĢāļēāļ“āļ„āļ”āļĩāļšāļēāļ‡āļ—āđˆāļēāļ™āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļ°āļšāļļāļ§āđˆāļē āļžāļĢāļ°āļ›āļāļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāđ„āļĄāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāđˆāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ§āļĢāļĢāļ“āļ āļđāļĄāļī āđāļ•āđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™ āļžāļĢāļ°āļĄāļŦāļēāļ˜āļēāļ•āļļāļŦāļĨāļ§āļ‡ āđƒāļ™āļĒāļļāļ„āļ—āļ§āļēāļĢāļ§āļ”āļĩāļĄāļēāļāļāļ§āđˆāļē āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļœāļĨāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĢ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ„āđ‰āļ™āļžāļšāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ­āļēāļĒāļļāđ€āļāđˆāļēāđāļāđˆāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļžāļĢāļ°āļ˜āļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļ™āļĨāļēāļĒāļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āđŒāļ­āļąāļāļĐāļĢ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ°āļšāļļāļ§āđˆāļē " āļžāļĢāļ°āđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ™āļĩāđ‰ āđ€āļ”āļīāļĄ āļ‚āļ­āļĄāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļ āļžāļĢāļ°āļ˜āļĄ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļēāļ§āļ‚āļ­āļĄāļˆāļĢāļīāļ‡āđ† āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļŠāļēāļ§āļĨāļ§āļĢāļąāļ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļĄāļąāļĒāļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļĢāļēāļāđ‡āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‚āļ­āļĄ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļ‚āļ­āļĄāļŠāļšāļēāļ”āđ‚āļ‚āļĨāļāļĨāļģāļžāļ‡ āļ„āļģāļ§āđˆāļē āļ˜āļĄ āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢāļąāļš āļŠāļēāļ§āļ‚āļ­āļĄ āļ™āļąāđ‰āļ™ āđāļ›āļĨāļ§āđˆāļē āđƒāļŦāļāđˆ āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļāļąāļšāļ„āļģāđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļ§āđˆāļē āļŦāļĨāļ§āļ‡ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļĢāļēāļāđ‡āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļžāļĢāļ°āļ™āļ„āļĢāļ˜āļĄ āļ§āđˆāļē āļžāļĢāļ°āļ™āļ„āļĢāļŦāļĨāļ§āļ‡ āļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļœāļĨāđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļ™ āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļ§āļąāļ”āļžāļĢāļ°āļ›āļāļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒāļĒāļąāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļĢāļĄāļĢāļēāļŠāļŠāļĢāļĩāļĢāļēāļ‡āļ„āļēāļĢāļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ—āļŠāļĄāđ€āļ”āđ‡āļˆāļžāļĢāļ°āļĄāļ‡āļāļļāļŽāđ€āļāļĨāđ‰āļēāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļŦāļąāļ§ āļžāļĢāļ°āļŠāļĢāļĩāļĢāļēāļ‡āļ„āļēāļĢāļžāļĢāļ°āļ™āļēāļ‡āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļŠāļļāļ§āļąāļ—āļ™āļē āļžāļĢāļ°āļ§āļĢāļĢāļēāļŠāđ€āļ—āļ§āļĩāđƒāļ™āļĢāļąāļŠāļāļēāļĨāļ—āļĩāđˆ 6 āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĢāļ°āļŠāļĢāļĩāļĢāļēāļ‡āļ„āļēāļĢāļŠāļĄāđ€āļ”āđ‡āļˆāļžāļĢāļ°āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ āļ„āļīāļ™āļĩāđ€āļ˜āļ­ āđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļŸāđ‰āļēāđ€āļžāļŠāļĢāļĢāļąāļ•āļ™āļĢāļēāļŠāļŠāļļāļ”āļē āļŠāļīāļĢāļīāđ‚āļŠāļ āļēāļžāļąāļ“āļ“āļ§āļ”āļĩ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļšāļĢāļĢāļˆāļļāđ„āļ§āđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļ™āļąāļ‡āđ€āļšāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļˆāļ™āļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒ āļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļĢāļ°āļ§āļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļ—āļīāļĻāđ€āļŦāļ™āļ·āļ­ āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļžāļĢāļ°āļ›āļāļĄāđ€āļˆāļ”āļĩāļĒāđŒ āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļˆāļ™āļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒ āļ›āļĩ āļž.āļĻ. 2451 āļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ—āļŠāļĄāđ€āļ”āđ‡āļˆāļžāļĢāļ°āļĄāļ‡āļāļļāļŽāđ€āļāļĨāđ‰āļēāđ€āļˆāđ‰āļēāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļŦāļąāļ§āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ”āļģāļĢāļ‡āļžāļĢāļ°āļ­āļīāļŠāļĢāļīāļĒāļĒāļĻāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļĒāļēāļĄāļĄāļāļļāļŽāļĢāļēāļŠāļāļļāļĄāļēāļĢ āđ€āļŠāļ”āđ‡āļˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āļžāļēāļŠāļŦāļąāļ§āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŦāļ™āļ·āļ­ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļ—āļ­āļ”āļžāļĢāļ°āđ€āļ™āļ•āļĢāļžāļĢāļ°āļžāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĢāļđāļ›āđ‚āļšāļĢāļēāļ“āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļąāļ™āļĄāļēāļ āđāļ•āđˆāļĄāļĩāļžāļĢāļ°āļžāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĢāļđāļ›āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĻāļĢāļĩāļŠāļąāļŠāļ™āļēāļĨāļąāļĒ (āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”āļŠāļļāđ‚āļ‚āļ—āļąāļĒ) āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒāļžāļĢāļ°āļĨāļąāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļ‡āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļŦāļĪāļ—āļąāļĒ āđāļ•āđˆāļŠāļģāļĢāļļāļ”āļĄāļēāļāđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđāļ•āđˆāļžāļĢāļ°āđ€āļĻāļĩāļĒāļĢ āļžāļĢāļ°āļŦāļąāļ•āļ–āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ— āļˆāļķāļ‡āđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ”āđ€āļāļĨāđ‰āļēāļŊ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļąāļāđ€āļŠāļīāļāļĨāļ‡āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļļāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļžāļŊ āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŠāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļąāđ‰āļ™āļŠāļ–āļēāļ›āļ™āļēāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļĄāļēāļšāļĢāļīāļšāļđāļĢāļ“āđŒāđ€āļ•āđ‡āļĄāļžāļĢāļ°āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒ āđāļĨāļ°āđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ”āđ€āļāļĨāđ‰āļēāļŊ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāļēāļŠāļžāļīāļ˜āļĩāđ€āļ—āļ—āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļĨāđˆāļ­āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ§āļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ 30 āļ˜āļąāļ™āļ§āļēāļ„āļĄ āļž.āļĻ. 2456 āļ“ āļ§āļąāļ”āļžāļĢāļ°āđ€āļŠāļ•āļļāļžāļ™āļ§āļīāļĄāļĨāļĄāļąāļ‡āļ„āļĨāļēāļĢāļēāļĄ āļāļĢāļļāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļžāļĄāļŦāļēāļ™āļ„āļĢ āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļˆāļ™āļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ„āļēāļĢāļžāļšāļđāļŠāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĻāļēāļŠāļ™āļīāļāļŠāļ™āļŠāļēāļ§āđ„āļ—āļĒāļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ› āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ•āđ‡āļĄāļāđ‡āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļˆāļ™āļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒ āļĻāļĢāļĩāļ­āļīāļ™āļ—āļĢāļēāļ—āļīāļ•āļĒāđŒāļ˜āļĢāļĢāđ‚āļĄāļ āļēāļŠ āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļŠāļīāļĢāļēāļ§āļļāļ˜āļĢāļēāļŠāļ›āļđāļŠāļ™āļĩāļĒāļšāļžāļīāļ•āļĢ āļ•āļēāļĄāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĻāļāļĢāļ°āđāļŠāļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļĢāļĄāļĢāļēāļŠāđ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ‡āļ§āļąāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ 12 āļ•āļļāļĨāļēāļ„āļĄ āļž.āļĻ. 2466 āđāļ•āđˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļŠāļ™āļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ›āļˆāļ°āđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļē āļŦāļĨāļ§āļ‡āļžāđˆāļ­āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāđˆāļ§āļ‡ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļˆāļ™āļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒ āļžāļĢāļ°āļĢāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ‚āļĢāļˆāļ™āļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒ āļĄāļĩāļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļđāļ‡āļ§āļąāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ—āļ–āļķāļ‡āļžāļĢāļ°āđ€āļāļĻ 7.42 āđ€āļĄāļ•āļĢ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļĢāļēāļ§ 12 āļĻāļ­āļ 4 āļ™āļīāđ‰āļ§ āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļžāļĢāļ°āļžāļļāļ—āļ˜āļĢāļđāļ›āļ›āļēāļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļēāļĄāļāļēāļ•āļī āļĻāļīāļĨāļ›āļ°āđāļšāļšāļŠāļļāđ‚āļ‚āļ—āļąāļĒ āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ—āļąāļšāļĒāļ·āļ™āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļšāļ™āļāļēāļ™āļ—āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ·āļ­āļ‡āļĨāļēāļĒāļšāļąāļ§āļ„āļ§āđˆāļģāļšāļąāļ§āļŦāļ‡āļēāļĒ āļ—āļģāļ§āļ‡āļžāļĢāļ°āļžāļąāļāļ•āļĢāđŒāļ•āļēāļĄāļĒāļēāļ§ āļžāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ™āļļāđ€āļŠāļĩāđ‰āļĒāļĄāļ™āļīāđ‰āļ§āļžāļĢāļ°āļŦāļąāļ•āļ–āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļžāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ—āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļŠāļĄāļ­āļāļąāļ™ āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļĒāļžāļĢāļ°āļŦāļąāļ•āļ–āđŒāļ‹āđ‰āļēāļĒāļĨāļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļžāļĢāļ°āļ§āļĢāļāļēāļĒ āđāļšāļāđˆāļēāļžāļĢāļ°āļŦāļąāļ•āļ–āđŒāļ‚āļ§āļēāļĒāļāļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļĒāļ·āđˆāļ™āļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ›āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļžāļĢāļ°āļ­āļļāļĢāļ° āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļīāļĢāļīāļĒāļēāļŦāđ‰āļēāļĄ āļĄāļĩāļžāļĢāļ°āļ­āļļāļ—āļĢāļžāļĨāļļāđ‰āļĒāļ­āļ­āļāļĄāļē
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