The Ruins of St. Paul’s and Mount Fortress are two of Macau’s most iconic historical landmarks, each with a rich history and cultural significance that draws visitors from around the world.

The Ruins of St. Paul’s, originally known as the Church of Mater Dei, was constructed in 1602 by Jesuit priests and completed in 1640. It was once the largest Catholic church in East Asia, symbolizing the spread of Christianity in the region. The church was built with white stones and featured a grand vaulted roof and three magnificently decorated halls. Unfortunately, it was destroyed by a fire in 1835, leaving only its imposing stone façade and grand staircase. The façade, standing 26 meters tall, is a blend of European Renaissance and Asian architectural styles, adorned with intricate carvings of biblical figures, Chinese lions, and Japanese chrysanthemums. This fusion of styles reflects the cultural exchanges that took place in Macau during the 17th century.

Adjacent to the Ruins of St. Paul’s is Mount Fortress, also known as Fortaleza do Monte. Built in 1616, the fortress was initially constructed to protect the church and the Jesuit priests from pirate attacks. It later became a key military defense structure for Macau. The fortress is quadrilateral in shape, with bastions at each corner, and covers an area of about 8,000 square meters3. Its walls are made of granite and are about 9 meters high, providing a formidable defense against invaders.

Mount Fortress played a crucial role in Macau’s history, particularly during the Dutch invasion of 1622. The fortress’s cannons successfully repelled the Dutch forces, ensuring the safety of the city. Today, visitors can explore the well-preserved ramparts and enjoy panoramic views of Macau from the top of the fortress. The site also houses the Macau Museum, which offers insights into the city’s history and culture.

The proximity of the Ruins of St. Paul’s and Mount Fortress highlights the intertwined history of religion and military defense in Macau. The church’s façad