Galle Fort, also known as the Dutch Fort or “Ramparts of Galle,” is a historic fortress situated in the Bay of Galle on Sri Lanka’s southwest coast. Initially constructed by the Portuguese in 1588, it underwent extensive fortification by the Dutch starting in 1649. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Galle Fort exemplifies the fusion of European architectural styles with South Asian traditions, reflecting its colonial past. 

Historical Overview

The Portuguese established the original fort in the 16th century, primarily using earth and palisades, with a rampart and three bastions on the northern inland side. Believing the seaward side to be naturally secure, they constructed minimal defenses there, except for the Zwart Bastion. When the Dutch seized control, they deemed the existing fortifications inadequate and embarked on a comprehensive reconstruction. They encircled the entire peninsula with robust granite and coral walls, adding 13 bastions over an area of 52 hectares. Many of these fortifications were completed by 1663, with the sea wall finalized in 1729. 

Architectural Features

The fort’s layout showcases a rectangular grid pattern of streets lined with low houses featuring gables and verandahs in the Dutch colonial style. Notable landmarks within the fort include: • Groote Kerk (Dutch Reformed Church): Built in 1640 and remodeled between 1752 and 1755, this church is paved with gravestones from the old Dutch cemetery. It houses an organ from 1760 and a pulpit made of calamander wood from Malaysia.  • Old Dutch Hospital: One of the oldest buildings in the fort, it has been restored and repurposed as a dining and shopping complex, reflecting adaptive reuse of colonial architecture.  • Galle Lighthouse: Erected in 1938 at the Point Utrecht Bastion, this 18-meter high lighthouse is a prominent feature of the fort’s seafront. 

Cultural Significance

Today, Galle Fort is a vibrant enclave with a multi-ethnic and multi-religious community. Its streets bear Dutch names, and the architecture reflects a blend of European and South Asian influences. The fort area is home to artists, writers, photographers, designers, and poets, contributing to a dynamic cultural scene. The Sri Lankan government, along with Dutch nationals who still own some properties within the fort, are committed to preserving this unique urban ensemble. 

Visitor Experience

Visitors to Galle Fort can explore its well-preserved streets, lined with boutiques, hotels, and restaurants. Walking along the ramparts offers panoramic views of the Indian Ocean, especially during sunrise and sunset. The fort’s museums and churches provide insights into its rich history, while the bustling markets and cafes reflect the daily life of its residents. The blend of historical charm and modern amenities makes Galle Fort a must-visit destination in Sri Lanka.