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Opera and Ballet Theater of Tbilisi โ€” Attraction in Tbilisi

Name
Opera and Ballet Theater of Tbilisi
Description
Nearby attractions
MoMA Tbilisi
27 Shota Rustaveli Ave, Tbilisi, Georgia
Rustaveli National Theatre
17 Shota Rustaveli Ave, Tbilisi, Georgia
Apple of Love
PQ2W+Q26, Shota Rustaveli Ave, Tbilisi, Georgia
Casino Iveria Tbilisi
Rose Revolution Square, Tbilisi, Georgia
National Gallery
11 Shota Rustaveli Ave, Tbilisi, Georgia
Kashueti St. George Church
9 Shota Rustaveli Ave, Tbilisi 0108, Georgia
Dry Bridge Market
PR23+96X, Tbilisi, Georgia
G. Leonidze Museum of Georgian Literature
8 Gia Chanturia St, Tbilisi 0108, Georgia
Alexander Griboedov Statue
2 Dimitri Uznadze St, Tbilisi, Georgia
Georgian National Museum
3 Shota Rustaveli Ave, Tbilisi 0105, Georgia
Nearby restaurants
Restaurant Margalita
1 Mitropan Laghidze St, Tbilisi 0108, Georgia
DecanTer
26 Shota Rustaveli Ave, Tbilisi, Georgia
Erti kava Coffee Room
8 Mitropan Laghidze St, Tbilisi 0144, Georgia
Shatre
38 Shota Rustaveli Ave, Tbilisi, Georgia
Ruby Cafe
5 Mitropan Laghidze St, Tbilisi, Georgia
Burger House
17 Shota Rustaveli Ave, Tbilisi, Georgia
The King & The Bird
29 R, Revaz Tabukashvili St, Tbilisi, Georgia
New Asia
11/5 Alexander Griboedov St, Tbilisi, Georgia
Fiesta: Tequila Bar & Mexican Restaurant
29 Revaz Tabukashvili St, Tbilisi 0105, Georgia
Sofia Melnikovaโ€™s Fantastic Douqan
22 Revaz Tabukashvili St, Tbilisi, Georgia
Nearby hotels
"Hotel Rustaveli"
28 Shota Rustaveli Ave, Tbilisi, Georgia
The Biltmore Hotel Tbilisi
29 Shota Rustaveli Ave, Tbilisi 0108, Georgia
Alma Boutique Hotel
28 Shota Rustaveli Ave, Tbilisi 0108, Georgia
Tbilisi Marriott Hotel
13 Shota Rustaveli Ave, Tbilisi 0108, Georgia
Moosica
13 Alexander Griboedov St, Tbilisi, Georgia
Brosse Garden
6/8, Mari Brose Street, Tbilisi 0108, Georgia
Radisson Blu Iveria Hotel, Tbilisi City Centre
1 Rose Revolution Square, Tbilisi 0108, Georgia
Rustaveli N26 Apartments
26 Shota Rustaveli Avenue Tbilisi City, 0105, Georgia
Loft Hostel Tbilisi
36 Shota Rustaveli Ave, Tbilisi, Georgia
River Side Hotel
Right Bank and Mari Brosse Turn แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜, Mari Brose Street, Tbilisi 0108, Georgia
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Keywords
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Opera and Ballet Theater of Tbilisi
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Basic Info

Opera and Ballet Theater of Tbilisi

25 Shota Rustaveli Ave, Tbilisi 0108, Georgia
4.8(1.7K)
Open 24 hours
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Ratings & Description

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Cultural
Entertainment
Accessibility
Luxury
attractions: MoMA Tbilisi, Rustaveli National Theatre, Apple of Love, Casino Iveria Tbilisi, National Gallery, Kashueti St. George Church, Dry Bridge Market, G. Leonidze Museum of Georgian Literature, Alexander Griboedov Statue, Georgian National Museum, restaurants: Restaurant Margalita, DecanTer, Erti kava Coffee Room, Shatre, Ruby Cafe, Burger House, The King & The Bird, New Asia, Fiesta: Tequila Bar & Mexican Restaurant, Sofia Melnikovaโ€™s Fantastic Douqan
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Phone
+995 32 200 44 66
Website
opera.ge

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Reviews

Nearby attractions of Opera and Ballet Theater of Tbilisi

MoMA Tbilisi

Rustaveli National Theatre

Apple of Love

Casino Iveria Tbilisi

National Gallery

Kashueti St. George Church

Dry Bridge Market

G. Leonidze Museum of Georgian Literature

Alexander Griboedov Statue

Georgian National Museum

MoMA Tbilisi

MoMA Tbilisi

4.2

(567)

Closed
Click for details
Rustaveli National Theatre

Rustaveli National Theatre

4.6

(911)

Open 24 hours
Click for details
Apple of Love

Apple of Love

4.3

(69)

Closed
Click for details
Casino Iveria Tbilisi

Casino Iveria Tbilisi

4.1

(691)

Open 24 hours
Click for details

Things to do nearby

Walk Tbilisi Old Town with curated stops & stories
Walk Tbilisi Old Town with curated stops & stories
Sun, Dec 7 โ€ข 10:00 AM
Tbilisi, 1001, Georgia
View details
Learn Georgian grannys recipes
Learn Georgian grannys recipes
Sun, Dec 7 โ€ข 10:00 AM
Tbilisi, 0108, Georgia
View details
Wine tasting in historic cellar
Wine tasting in historic cellar
Fri, Dec 5 โ€ข 10:00 PM
Tbilisi, 0105, Georgia
View details

Nearby restaurants of Opera and Ballet Theater of Tbilisi

Restaurant Margalita

DecanTer

Erti kava Coffee Room

Shatre

Ruby Cafe

Burger House

The King & The Bird

New Asia

Fiesta: Tequila Bar & Mexican Restaurant

Sofia Melnikovaโ€™s Fantastic Douqan

Restaurant Margalita

Restaurant Margalita

4.6

(662)

Click for details
DecanTer

DecanTer

4.9

(169)

$$

Click for details
Erti kava Coffee Room

Erti kava Coffee Room

4.5

(880)

$$

Click for details
Shatre

Shatre

4.4

(555)

$$

Click for details
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Reviews of Opera and Ballet Theater of Tbilisi

4.8
(1,711)
avatar
5.0
36w

Review: Tbilisi Opera and Ballet Strikingly one of the most fascinating Ballets ever witnessed. On a sunny, Sunday afternoon in Tbilisi, the place to be wasnโ€™t to be found outside.

Right off Rustaveli Ave is located the Opera and Ballet Theatre of Tbilisi. A local, ballerina, influencer had posted a flyer on Insta about the performance by the Tbilisi Opera and Ballet, and being a huge fan of all things artsy, a couple of questions were sent her way. Serendipitously she replied, sharing some insights.

Ticket in hand, I wandered into the massive, Neo-Moorish styled structure with all the other lovers of the arts. The facade of the interior is something straight out of the Great Gatsbyโ€ฆa definite must-see while in Tbilisi. Sitting in one of the boxes alongside the stage provided the perfect opportunity to witness this truly unique experience- unique is the perfect word for Alexander Krein Laurenciaโ€™s Ballet, which is based on the novel Fuente Ovejuna by Lope de Vega.

The most amazing part of the performance was the โ€˜Gypsy Danceโ€™ performed by Tata Jashi, Luka Gedekhauri and Sergey Petrosian. Of all the ballets taken in around the world from New York to Parisโ€ฆVienna included, witnessing a Gypsy dance was a profound alteration to the traditional Italian Renaissance performance. The combination of color, dynamic movements, and sheer originality won over this cultural art lover!

A wonderful experience to be hadโ€ฆand one even a perfect Sunday in the sun couldnโ€™t compete with!

Cheers to the Director of the Ballet Company, Nina Ananiashvili, and to the Artistic Director of the Theatre, Badri Maisuradze, and the ballet company on a job well done!...

ย ย ย Read more
avatar
5.0
11w

๐Ÿ‡ฌ๐Ÿ‡ช Tbilisi Opera and Ballet Theater โ€“ Exterior Visit Review ๐Ÿ“ 25 Shota Rustaveli Ave, Tbilisi

โœจ Architectural Grandeur, Even Without Entry

Even without stepping inside, the Zakaria Paliashvili Tbilisi State Opera and Ballet Theater commands attention. This Moorish Revival masterpiece, completed in 1896, stands as one of the most ornate and culturally significant buildings in Georgia. Its symmetrical faรงade, arched windows, and decorative motifs evoke a blend of Eastern elegance and European theatrical tradition.

๐Ÿงฑ Visual Highlights Ornate stucco work and vibrant color palette Grand staircase and columned entrance Sculptural details that hint at its operatic legacy

๐Ÿ“ธ Photo-Worthy Angles Best viewed from across Rustaveli Avenue for full frontal symmetry Side angles reveal depth and layered design Evening lighting adds dramatic flair to the faรงade

๐Ÿ›๏ธ Architectural Origins Originally built in 1851 by Italian architect Giovanni Scudieri, commissioned by Russian Viceroy Mikhail Vorontsov After a fire in 1874, the current building was completed in 1896 by Baltic German architect Victor Schrรถter, who introduced the striking Neo-Moorish style that defines its present-day appearance

๐Ÿ•ฐ๏ธ Historical Weight Even from the outside, you feel the weight of its legacy - rebuilt, restored, and still central to Georgiaโ€™s performing arts scene. The 2016 renovation preserved its grandeur while modernizing its infrastructure.

โš ๏ธ Visitor Tip No ticket needed to admire the exterior, but if you're planning to return for a performance or guided tour, check the official schedule and...

ย ย ย Read more
avatar
5.0
6y

แƒกแƒแƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ แƒฃแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ แƒ–แƒ”, แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜. แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒคแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒแƒขแƒ แƒ˜ โ€” แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฅ. แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ”แƒแƒขแƒ แƒ˜, แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒกแƒ™แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒซแƒ˜แƒšแƒ–แƒ”. แƒ“แƒแƒแƒ แƒกแƒ“แƒ 1851 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก. 1851 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก 9 แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒก แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒช แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒฎแƒกแƒœแƒ. แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒขแƒแƒœแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒชแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒก โ€žแƒšแƒฃแƒฉแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜โ€œ. แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ’แƒ แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒ–แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฎแƒ•แƒ“แƒ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ“, แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒžแƒ˜แƒœแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒ› แƒกแƒแƒฆแƒแƒ›แƒแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ™แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒš แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒขแƒ™แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒชแƒฎแƒ”แƒœแƒ แƒกแƒแƒœแƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒกแƒ™แƒ”แƒœ แƒฌแƒแƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒซแƒฆแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒœ. แƒญแƒ”แƒจแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ แƒ–แƒ”แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ“ แƒฅแƒชแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒกแƒแƒœแƒแƒฎแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ› แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ  แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ” แƒ›แƒขแƒ™แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒแƒšแƒแƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ–แƒ”แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒ”แƒแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒกแƒœแƒแƒก แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜. แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒฐแƒแƒœแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฐแƒงแƒ•แƒ โ€žแƒ”แƒ แƒœแƒแƒœแƒ˜โ€œ, โ€žแƒœแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒโ€œ, โ€žแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒ˜โ€œ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒแƒ› แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ›แƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒแƒขแƒ แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ›แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒแƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒšแƒ แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ”. แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒš แƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ—แƒ แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒžแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜, แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒชแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜, แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜. แƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒขแƒ แƒกแƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒขแƒฃแƒแƒ–แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ™แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒœแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒ  แƒกแƒแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒแƒ  แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ  แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒœแƒแƒฎแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒฃแƒ“แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ. แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒฎแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก โ€žแƒฐแƒฃแƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜โ€œ แƒ“แƒ โ€žแƒแƒคแƒ แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒ˜โ€œ, แƒฐแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก โ€žแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜โ€œ, แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก โ€žแƒคแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒโ€œ. แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒแƒชแƒแƒ  แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ˜แƒฉแƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒแƒ“ แƒ แƒ˜แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ“ แƒ•แƒแƒ’แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—. แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒช, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒขแƒ•แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒฎแƒ–แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒแƒœ แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ’แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ. แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ XIX แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ” แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒจแƒ˜ แƒคแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ โ€žแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒ—โ€œ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒžแƒงแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜. 1874 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒ•แƒ, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒ›แƒ แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ  แƒจแƒ”แƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ˜แƒขแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— โ€žแƒกแƒแƒ–แƒแƒคแƒฎแƒฃแƒšแƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒกแƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ. แƒแƒ› แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒ›แƒ 22 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ. แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒฎแƒแƒš-แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ. แƒ—แƒ”แƒแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ แƒ แƒฃแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒกแƒแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒ›แƒ; แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ’แƒ แƒžแƒ”แƒขแƒ แƒ” แƒฉแƒแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒกแƒ™แƒ˜แƒก, แƒœแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒแƒ˜ แƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒกแƒ™แƒ˜-แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒแƒœแƒขแƒแƒœ แƒ แƒฃแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒœแƒจแƒขแƒ”แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒ—แƒ”แƒแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒขแƒ•แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒ แƒ แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก โ€” แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ”แƒ˜แƒš แƒ˜แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ•-แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒฌแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ—แƒ”แƒแƒขแƒ แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒจแƒ˜ 1883โ€”1893 แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ“แƒ’แƒ. 80-แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒแƒชแƒฎแƒšแƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒแƒœแƒชแƒ”แƒ แƒขแƒ แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒชแƒ”แƒ แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜: แƒ’แƒแƒšแƒ˜, แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ˜, แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒซแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜, แƒ™แƒฃแƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜, แƒฉแƒแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒกแƒ™แƒ˜, แƒ แƒฃแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒœแƒจแƒขแƒ”แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜, แƒ–แƒแƒ แƒฃแƒ“แƒœแƒแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ˜แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜, แƒฃแƒกแƒแƒขแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฃแƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒกแƒ™แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒแƒคแƒ”, แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฆแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒคแƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ  แƒจแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜. แƒ—แƒ”แƒแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ 1896 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก 3 แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฎแƒแƒ˜แƒš แƒ’แƒšแƒ˜แƒœแƒ™แƒแƒก แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ— โ€žแƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒฃแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜โ€œ. แƒ”แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ›แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ แƒฃแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒกแƒแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒ›แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒขแƒฃแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ แƒฃแƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒกแƒแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒกแƒแƒช แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒชแƒœแƒ. แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒก แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒขแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ: แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ (1897-98, 1910), แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒขแƒ (1903), แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒ”แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ (1907), แƒžแƒ”แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ (1907-08, 1913); แƒ›แƒฆแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ XIXโ€”XX แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒฌแƒ” แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฆแƒ”แƒ แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜: แƒจแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜, แƒกแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ˜, แƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒŸแƒฃแƒฎแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜, แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ. แƒแƒฆแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› 1905 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ“แƒแƒคแƒฃแƒซแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ› แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ แƒฃแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ— แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒš แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ›แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒกแƒแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒกแƒก แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ“, แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒฃแƒš แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒคแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒ. แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ” แƒแƒ›แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฆแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒžแƒแƒ”แƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ›แƒ แƒขแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒ› แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒขแƒแƒžแƒ˜...

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knowmad pressknowmad press
Review: Tbilisi Opera and Ballet Strikingly one of the most fascinating Ballets ever witnessed. On a sunny, Sunday afternoon in Tbilisi, the place to be wasnโ€™t to be found outside. Right off Rustaveli Ave is located the Opera and Ballet Theatre of Tbilisi. A local, ballerina, influencer had posted a flyer on Insta about the performance by the Tbilisi Opera and Ballet, and being a huge fan of all things artsy, a couple of questions were sent her way. Serendipitously she replied, sharing some insights. Ticket in hand, I wandered into the massive, Neo-Moorish styled structure with all the other lovers of the arts. The facade of the interior is something straight out of the Great Gatsbyโ€ฆa definite must-see while in Tbilisi. Sitting in one of the boxes alongside the stage provided the perfect opportunity to witness this truly unique experience- unique is the perfect word for Alexander Krein Laurenciaโ€™s Ballet, which is based on the novel Fuente Ovejuna by Lope de Vega. The most amazing part of the performance was the โ€˜Gypsy Danceโ€™ performed by Tata Jashi, Luka Gedekhauri and Sergey Petrosian. Of all the ballets taken in around the world from New York to Parisโ€ฆVienna included, witnessing a Gypsy dance was a profound alteration to the traditional Italian Renaissance performance. The combination of color, dynamic movements, and sheer originality won over this cultural art lover! A wonderful experience to be hadโ€ฆand one even a perfect Sunday in the sun couldnโ€™t compete with! Cheers to the Director of the Ballet Company, Nina Ananiashvili, and to the Artistic Director of the Theatre, Badri Maisuradze, and the ballet company on a job well done! Bravo! - Knowmad Press
Savor Best Of GeorgiaSavor Best Of Georgia
๐Ÿ‡ฌ๐Ÿ‡ช Tbilisi Opera and Ballet Theater โ€“ Exterior Visit Review ๐Ÿ“ 25 Shota Rustaveli Ave, Tbilisi โœจ Architectural Grandeur, Even Without Entry Even without stepping inside, the Zakaria Paliashvili Tbilisi State Opera and Ballet Theater commands attention. This Moorish Revival masterpiece, completed in 1896, stands as one of the most ornate and culturally significant buildings in Georgia. Its symmetrical faรงade, arched windows, and decorative motifs evoke a blend of Eastern elegance and European theatrical tradition. ๐Ÿงฑ Visual Highlights - Ornate stucco work and vibrant color palette - Grand staircase and columned entrance - Sculptural details that hint at its operatic legacy ๐Ÿ“ธ Photo-Worthy Angles - Best viewed from across Rustaveli Avenue for full frontal symmetry - Side angles reveal depth and layered design - Evening lighting adds dramatic flair to the faรงade ๐Ÿ›๏ธ Architectural Origins - Originally built in 1851 by Italian architect Giovanni Scudieri, commissioned by Russian Viceroy Mikhail Vorontsov - After a fire in 1874, the current building was completed in 1896 by Baltic German architect Victor Schrรถter, who introduced the striking Neo-Moorish style that defines its present-day appearance ๐Ÿ•ฐ๏ธ Historical Weight Even from the outside, you feel the weight of its legacy - rebuilt, restored, and still central to Georgiaโ€™s performing arts scene. The 2016 renovation preserved its grandeur while modernizing its infrastructure. โš ๏ธ Visitor Tip No ticket needed to admire the exterior, but if you're planning to return for a performance or guided tour, check the official schedule and ticket info.
Lengri MaghlaperidzeLengri Maghlaperidze
แƒกแƒแƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ แƒฃแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ แƒ–แƒ”, แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜. แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒคแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒแƒขแƒ แƒ˜ โ€” แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฅ. แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ”แƒแƒขแƒ แƒ˜, แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒกแƒ™แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒซแƒ˜แƒšแƒ–แƒ”. แƒ“แƒแƒแƒ แƒกแƒ“แƒ 1851 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก. 1851 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก 9 แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒก แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒช แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒฎแƒกแƒœแƒ. แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒขแƒแƒœแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒชแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒก โ€žแƒšแƒฃแƒฉแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜โ€œ. แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ’แƒ แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒ–แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฎแƒ•แƒ“แƒ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ“, แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒžแƒ˜แƒœแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒ› แƒกแƒแƒฆแƒแƒ›แƒแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ™แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒš แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒขแƒ™แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒชแƒฎแƒ”แƒœแƒ แƒกแƒแƒœแƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒกแƒ™แƒ”แƒœ แƒฌแƒแƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒซแƒฆแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒœ. แƒญแƒ”แƒจแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ แƒ–แƒ”แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ“ แƒฅแƒชแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒกแƒแƒœแƒแƒฎแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ› แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ  แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ” แƒ›แƒขแƒ™แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒแƒšแƒแƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ–แƒ”แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒ”แƒแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒกแƒœแƒแƒก แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜. แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒฐแƒแƒœแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฐแƒงแƒ•แƒ โ€žแƒ”แƒ แƒœแƒแƒœแƒ˜โ€œ, โ€žแƒœแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒโ€œ, โ€žแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒ˜โ€œ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒแƒ› แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ›แƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒแƒขแƒ แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ›แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒแƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒšแƒ แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ”. แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒš แƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ—แƒ แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒžแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜, แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒชแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜, แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜. แƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒขแƒ แƒกแƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒขแƒฃแƒแƒ–แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ™แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒœแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒ  แƒกแƒแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒแƒ  แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ  แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒœแƒแƒฎแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒฃแƒ“แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ. แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒฎแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก โ€žแƒฐแƒฃแƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜โ€œ แƒ“แƒ โ€žแƒแƒคแƒ แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒ˜โ€œ, แƒฐแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก โ€žแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜โ€œ, แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก โ€žแƒคแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒโ€œ. แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒแƒชแƒแƒ  แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ˜แƒฉแƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒแƒ“ แƒ แƒ˜แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ“ แƒ•แƒแƒ’แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—. แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒช, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒขแƒ•แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒฎแƒ–แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒแƒœ แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ’แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ. แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ XIX แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ” แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒจแƒ˜ แƒคแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ โ€žแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒ—โ€œ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒžแƒงแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜. 1874 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒ•แƒ, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒ›แƒ แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ  แƒจแƒ”แƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ˜แƒขแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— โ€žแƒกแƒแƒ–แƒแƒคแƒฎแƒฃแƒšแƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒกแƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ. แƒแƒ› แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒ›แƒ 22 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ. แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒฎแƒแƒš-แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ. แƒ—แƒ”แƒแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ แƒ แƒฃแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒกแƒแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒ›แƒ; แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ’แƒ แƒžแƒ”แƒขแƒ แƒ” แƒฉแƒแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒกแƒ™แƒ˜แƒก, แƒœแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒแƒ˜ แƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒกแƒ™แƒ˜-แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒแƒœแƒขแƒแƒœ แƒ แƒฃแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒœแƒจแƒขแƒ”แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒ—แƒ”แƒแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒขแƒ•แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒ แƒ แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก โ€” แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ”แƒ˜แƒš แƒ˜แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ•-แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒฌแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ—แƒ”แƒแƒขแƒ แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒจแƒ˜ 1883โ€”1893 แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ“แƒ’แƒ. 80-แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒแƒชแƒฎแƒšแƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒแƒœแƒชแƒ”แƒ แƒขแƒ แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒชแƒ”แƒ แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜: แƒ’แƒแƒšแƒ˜, แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ˜, แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒซแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜, แƒ™แƒฃแƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜, แƒฉแƒแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒกแƒ™แƒ˜, แƒ แƒฃแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒœแƒจแƒขแƒ”แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜, แƒ–แƒแƒ แƒฃแƒ“แƒœแƒแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ˜แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜, แƒฃแƒกแƒแƒขแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฃแƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒกแƒ™แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒแƒคแƒ”, แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฆแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒคแƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ  แƒจแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜. แƒ—แƒ”แƒแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ 1896 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก 3 แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฎแƒแƒ˜แƒš แƒ’แƒšแƒ˜แƒœแƒ™แƒแƒก แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ— โ€žแƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒฃแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜โ€œ. แƒ”แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ›แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ แƒฃแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒกแƒแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒ›แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒขแƒฃแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ แƒฃแƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒกแƒแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒกแƒแƒช แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒชแƒœแƒ. แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒก แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒขแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ: แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ (1897-98, 1910), แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒขแƒ (1903), แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒ”แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ (1907), แƒžแƒ”แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ (1907-08, 1913); แƒ›แƒฆแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ XIXโ€”XX แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒฌแƒ” แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฆแƒ”แƒ แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜: แƒจแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜, แƒกแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ˜, แƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒŸแƒฃแƒฎแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜, แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ. แƒแƒฆแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› 1905 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ“แƒแƒคแƒฃแƒซแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ› แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ แƒฃแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ— แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒš แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ›แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒกแƒแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒกแƒก แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ“, แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒฃแƒš แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒคแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒ. แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ” แƒแƒ›แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฆแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒžแƒแƒ”แƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ›แƒ แƒขแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒ› แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒขแƒแƒžแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ.
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Review: Tbilisi Opera and Ballet Strikingly one of the most fascinating Ballets ever witnessed. On a sunny, Sunday afternoon in Tbilisi, the place to be wasnโ€™t to be found outside. Right off Rustaveli Ave is located the Opera and Ballet Theatre of Tbilisi. A local, ballerina, influencer had posted a flyer on Insta about the performance by the Tbilisi Opera and Ballet, and being a huge fan of all things artsy, a couple of questions were sent her way. Serendipitously she replied, sharing some insights. Ticket in hand, I wandered into the massive, Neo-Moorish styled structure with all the other lovers of the arts. The facade of the interior is something straight out of the Great Gatsbyโ€ฆa definite must-see while in Tbilisi. Sitting in one of the boxes alongside the stage provided the perfect opportunity to witness this truly unique experience- unique is the perfect word for Alexander Krein Laurenciaโ€™s Ballet, which is based on the novel Fuente Ovejuna by Lope de Vega. The most amazing part of the performance was the โ€˜Gypsy Danceโ€™ performed by Tata Jashi, Luka Gedekhauri and Sergey Petrosian. Of all the ballets taken in around the world from New York to Parisโ€ฆVienna included, witnessing a Gypsy dance was a profound alteration to the traditional Italian Renaissance performance. The combination of color, dynamic movements, and sheer originality won over this cultural art lover! A wonderful experience to be hadโ€ฆand one even a perfect Sunday in the sun couldnโ€™t compete with! Cheers to the Director of the Ballet Company, Nina Ananiashvili, and to the Artistic Director of the Theatre, Badri Maisuradze, and the ballet company on a job well done! Bravo! - Knowmad Press
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๐Ÿ‡ฌ๐Ÿ‡ช Tbilisi Opera and Ballet Theater โ€“ Exterior Visit Review ๐Ÿ“ 25 Shota Rustaveli Ave, Tbilisi โœจ Architectural Grandeur, Even Without Entry Even without stepping inside, the Zakaria Paliashvili Tbilisi State Opera and Ballet Theater commands attention. This Moorish Revival masterpiece, completed in 1896, stands as one of the most ornate and culturally significant buildings in Georgia. Its symmetrical faรงade, arched windows, and decorative motifs evoke a blend of Eastern elegance and European theatrical tradition. ๐Ÿงฑ Visual Highlights - Ornate stucco work and vibrant color palette - Grand staircase and columned entrance - Sculptural details that hint at its operatic legacy ๐Ÿ“ธ Photo-Worthy Angles - Best viewed from across Rustaveli Avenue for full frontal symmetry - Side angles reveal depth and layered design - Evening lighting adds dramatic flair to the faรงade ๐Ÿ›๏ธ Architectural Origins - Originally built in 1851 by Italian architect Giovanni Scudieri, commissioned by Russian Viceroy Mikhail Vorontsov - After a fire in 1874, the current building was completed in 1896 by Baltic German architect Victor Schrรถter, who introduced the striking Neo-Moorish style that defines its present-day appearance ๐Ÿ•ฐ๏ธ Historical Weight Even from the outside, you feel the weight of its legacy - rebuilt, restored, and still central to Georgiaโ€™s performing arts scene. The 2016 renovation preserved its grandeur while modernizing its infrastructure. โš ๏ธ Visitor Tip No ticket needed to admire the exterior, but if you're planning to return for a performance or guided tour, check the official schedule and ticket info.
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แƒกแƒแƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ แƒฃแƒกแƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ แƒ–แƒ”, แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜. แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ–แƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ แƒคแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ›แƒฌแƒ˜แƒคแƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒแƒขแƒ แƒ˜ โ€” แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฅ. แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ—แƒ”แƒแƒขแƒ แƒ˜, แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒ”แƒ แƒ—-แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒฆแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒกแƒ™แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒซแƒ˜แƒšแƒ–แƒ”. แƒ“แƒแƒแƒ แƒกแƒ“แƒ 1851 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก. 1851 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก 9 แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒก แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒกแƒ”แƒ–แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒช แƒ’แƒแƒ˜แƒฎแƒกแƒœแƒ. แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒขแƒแƒœแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒชแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜แƒก โ€žแƒšแƒฃแƒฉแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜โ€œ. แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒ’แƒ แƒแƒœแƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒ–แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒฎแƒ•แƒ“แƒ แƒฌแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ“, แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒžแƒ˜แƒœแƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ˜แƒ› แƒกแƒแƒฆแƒแƒ›แƒแƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ™แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒš แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ›แƒขแƒ™แƒ•แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒชแƒฎแƒ”แƒœแƒ แƒกแƒแƒœแƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒแƒกแƒ™แƒ”แƒœ แƒฌแƒแƒ›แƒแƒฃแƒซแƒฆแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒœ. แƒญแƒ”แƒจแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ“ แƒกแƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ แƒ–แƒ”แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ“ แƒฅแƒชแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒกแƒแƒœแƒแƒฎแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ› แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒ  แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ แƒ” แƒ›แƒขแƒ™แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ, แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒแƒช แƒขแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒแƒšแƒแƒ—แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฎแƒแƒšแƒฎแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒ—แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ–แƒ”แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ—แƒ”แƒแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ’แƒแƒฎแƒกแƒœแƒแƒก แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜. แƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ›แƒ“แƒ” แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒฐแƒแƒœแƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒš แƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฐแƒงแƒ•แƒ โ€žแƒ”แƒ แƒœแƒแƒœแƒ˜โ€œ, โ€žแƒœแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒโ€œ, โ€žแƒกแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒ˜โ€œ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒแƒ› แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ›แƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒแƒขแƒ แƒ›แƒ แƒแƒฎแƒšแƒแƒ“ แƒ“แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ›แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒแƒ“ แƒแƒแƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒšแƒ แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ”. แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ”แƒš แƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ—แƒ แƒจแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒžแƒแƒžแƒฃแƒšแƒแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒกแƒแƒ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜, แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒชแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜, แƒ•แƒ”แƒ แƒ“แƒ˜. แƒšแƒแƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒขแƒ แƒกแƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ“แƒ แƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒขแƒฃแƒแƒ–แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ•แƒแƒ™แƒแƒšแƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒขแƒ”แƒฅแƒœแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒ  แƒกแƒแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒกแƒžแƒ”แƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ™แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒแƒ  แƒจแƒ”แƒ˜แƒซแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ  แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒœแƒแƒฎแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ“แƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ แƒฉแƒ”แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒขแƒ”แƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒœแƒขแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒฃแƒ“แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ. แƒ›แƒแƒก แƒฎแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒ แƒ›แƒ”แƒ˜แƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก โ€žแƒฐแƒฃแƒ’แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜โ€œ แƒ“แƒ โ€žแƒแƒคแƒ แƒ˜แƒ™แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒ˜โ€œ, แƒฐแƒแƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜แƒก โ€žแƒ™แƒแƒ แƒ“แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒจแƒ•แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜โ€œ, แƒแƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก โ€žแƒคแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒโ€œ. แƒ›แƒแƒ’แƒ•แƒ˜แƒแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒแƒชแƒแƒ  แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒ˜แƒฉแƒ”แƒœแƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒ’แƒ”แƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก, แƒ™แƒ”แƒ แƒซแƒแƒ“ แƒ แƒ˜แƒฎแƒแƒ แƒ“ แƒ•แƒแƒ’แƒœแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒ›แƒแƒ แƒ—. แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒช, แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒแƒจแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒแƒšแƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒขแƒ•แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒฎแƒ–แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ”แƒ แƒ—แƒ˜ แƒแƒœ แƒแƒ แƒ˜ แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ”แƒ’ แƒฃแƒ™แƒ•แƒ” แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ’แƒ›แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ. แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜ XIX แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒ”แƒแƒ แƒ” แƒœแƒแƒฎแƒ”แƒ•แƒแƒ แƒจแƒ˜ แƒคแƒแƒฅแƒขแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒ“ โ€žแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒ—โ€œ แƒ˜แƒงแƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒžแƒงแƒ แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜. 1874 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒ•แƒ, แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฃแƒฎแƒ”แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒแƒ“ แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒ›แƒ แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒ  แƒจแƒ”แƒฌแƒงแƒ•แƒ˜แƒขแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— โ€žแƒกแƒแƒ–แƒแƒคแƒฎแƒฃแƒšแƒ แƒ—แƒ”แƒแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒกโ€œ แƒกแƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒชแƒ•แƒšแƒ. แƒแƒ› แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒ›แƒ 22 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒกแƒขแƒแƒœแƒ. แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒฃแƒšแƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒแƒฎแƒแƒš-แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฆแƒ˜แƒ แƒกแƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ›แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ“แƒ. แƒ—แƒ”แƒแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ›แƒฃแƒจแƒแƒแƒ‘แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒฌแƒงแƒ แƒ แƒฃแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒกแƒแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒ›แƒ; แƒ“แƒแƒ˜แƒ“แƒ’แƒ แƒžแƒ”แƒขแƒ แƒ” แƒฉแƒแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒกแƒ™แƒ˜แƒก, แƒœแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒšแƒแƒ˜ แƒ แƒ˜แƒ›แƒกแƒ™แƒ˜-แƒ™แƒแƒ แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก, แƒแƒœแƒขแƒแƒœ แƒ แƒฃแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒœแƒจแƒขแƒ”แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜. แƒ—แƒ”แƒแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒฎแƒแƒขแƒ•แƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒก แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒ แƒ แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก โ€” แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฎแƒ”แƒ˜แƒš แƒ˜แƒžแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ•-แƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒฌแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒช แƒ—แƒ”แƒแƒขแƒ แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ—แƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒจแƒ˜ 1883โ€”1893 แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ“แƒ’แƒ. 80-แƒ˜แƒแƒœ แƒฌแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒกแƒแƒ™แƒฃแƒ—แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒชแƒแƒชแƒฎแƒšแƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒšแƒแƒฅแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ™แƒแƒœแƒชแƒ”แƒ แƒขแƒ แƒชแƒฎแƒแƒ•แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ. แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒจแƒ˜ แƒ™แƒแƒœแƒชแƒ”แƒ แƒขแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒกแƒ แƒฃแƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜: แƒ’แƒแƒšแƒ˜, แƒžแƒแƒขแƒ˜, แƒ‘แƒแƒ แƒซแƒ˜, แƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜, แƒ™แƒฃแƒ‘แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜, แƒฉแƒแƒ˜แƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒกแƒ™แƒ˜, แƒ แƒฃแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒœแƒจแƒขแƒ”แƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜, แƒ แƒแƒฎแƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜, แƒ–แƒแƒ แƒฃแƒ“แƒœแƒแƒ˜แƒ, แƒ˜แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ•แƒ˜, แƒฃแƒกแƒแƒขแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒ› แƒฃแƒ™แƒแƒœแƒแƒกแƒ™แƒœแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ›แƒแƒฌแƒแƒคแƒ”, แƒ“แƒ˜แƒ“แƒ˜ แƒ แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฆแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒคแƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ  แƒจแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜. แƒ—แƒ”แƒแƒขแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ 1896 แƒฌแƒšแƒ˜แƒก 3 แƒœแƒแƒ”แƒ›แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ แƒก แƒ›แƒ˜แƒฎแƒแƒ˜แƒš แƒ’แƒšแƒ˜แƒœแƒ™แƒแƒก แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒ— โ€žแƒ˜แƒ•แƒแƒœ แƒกแƒฃแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜โ€œ. แƒ”แƒก แƒ“แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ›แƒ แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ แƒฃแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒกแƒแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒ›แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒšแƒ˜แƒก แƒ แƒ”แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒขแƒฃแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒฌแƒงแƒแƒšแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ— แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ แƒ แƒฃแƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒžแƒแƒ–แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒกแƒแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒœแƒแƒฌแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ”แƒ‘แƒกแƒแƒช แƒ’แƒแƒ”แƒชแƒœแƒ. แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒแƒ“แƒแƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒแƒก แƒแƒ› แƒกแƒชแƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒชแƒœแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜ แƒกแƒแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒขแƒ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒแƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ: แƒ˜แƒขแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ (1897-98, 1910), แƒ•แƒ”แƒœแƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒขแƒ (1903), แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒกแƒ แƒ“แƒ แƒžแƒ”แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒก แƒ™แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒ™แƒฃแƒ แƒ˜ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜ (1907), แƒžแƒ”แƒขแƒ”แƒ แƒ‘แƒฃแƒ แƒ’แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒแƒ˜แƒ›แƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ แƒ‘แƒแƒšแƒ”แƒขแƒ˜ (1907-08, 1913); แƒ›แƒฆแƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ“แƒœแƒ”แƒœ XIXโ€”XX แƒกแƒแƒฃแƒ™แƒฃแƒœแƒ”แƒจแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒฆแƒ•แƒแƒฌแƒ” แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ›แƒแƒ›แƒฆแƒ”แƒ แƒšแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜: แƒจแƒแƒšแƒ˜แƒแƒžแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜, แƒกแƒ˜แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒ แƒ˜แƒแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒ˜, แƒ›แƒแƒ–แƒŸแƒฃแƒฎแƒ˜แƒœแƒ˜, แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ˜, แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒกแƒฎแƒ•แƒ. แƒแƒฆแƒกแƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒจแƒœแƒแƒ•แƒ˜แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒ› 1905 แƒฌแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ“แƒแƒคแƒฃแƒซแƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒฃแƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒ—แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒšแƒ˜แƒกแƒ˜แƒก แƒคแƒ˜แƒšแƒแƒ แƒ›แƒแƒœแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒกแƒแƒ–แƒแƒ’แƒแƒ“แƒแƒ”แƒ‘แƒแƒ› แƒ’แƒแƒœแƒแƒฎแƒแƒ แƒชแƒ˜แƒ”แƒšแƒ แƒ แƒฃแƒกแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ แƒ“แƒแƒกแƒแƒ•แƒšแƒ”แƒ— แƒ”แƒ•แƒ แƒแƒžแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒš แƒ”แƒœแƒแƒ–แƒ” แƒ“แƒแƒ“แƒ’แƒ›แƒ, แƒ แƒแƒช แƒกแƒแƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒแƒ•แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒ›แƒ“แƒ’แƒแƒ›แƒ˜ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ›แƒแƒ™แƒ แƒแƒขแƒ˜แƒ–แƒแƒชแƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ แƒแƒชแƒ”แƒกแƒก แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒแƒ‘แƒ“แƒ แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒก แƒ“แƒ แƒจแƒ”แƒกแƒแƒ‘แƒแƒ›แƒ˜แƒกแƒแƒ“, แƒ›แƒแƒกแƒแƒฎแƒšแƒ”แƒแƒ‘แƒ˜แƒก แƒกแƒฃแƒš แƒฃแƒคแƒ แƒ แƒคแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒ แƒคแƒ”แƒœแƒ”แƒ‘แƒก แƒ˜แƒ–แƒ˜แƒ“แƒแƒ•แƒ“แƒ. แƒงแƒแƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜แƒ•แƒ” แƒแƒ›แƒแƒœ แƒ“แƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ›แƒ แƒกแƒแƒกแƒ˜แƒ›แƒฆแƒ”แƒ แƒ แƒ—แƒฃ แƒžแƒแƒ”แƒขแƒฃแƒ แƒ›แƒ แƒขแƒ แƒแƒ“แƒ˜แƒชแƒ˜แƒแƒ› แƒฎแƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒจแƒ”แƒฃแƒฌแƒงแƒ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒ แƒแƒ•แƒœแƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒแƒžแƒ”แƒ แƒ˜แƒก แƒจแƒ”แƒฅแƒ›แƒœแƒแƒก, แƒ แƒแƒ›แƒ”แƒšแƒกแƒแƒช แƒแƒฎแƒแƒšแƒ˜ แƒฅแƒแƒ แƒ—แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒžแƒ แƒแƒคแƒ”แƒกแƒ˜แƒฃแƒšแƒ˜ แƒ›แƒฃแƒกแƒ˜แƒ™แƒ˜แƒก แƒ˜แƒกแƒขแƒแƒ แƒ˜แƒ˜แƒก แƒžแƒ˜แƒ แƒ•แƒ”แƒšแƒ˜ แƒ”แƒขแƒแƒžแƒ˜ แƒฃแƒ™แƒแƒ•แƒจแƒ˜แƒ แƒ“แƒ”แƒ‘แƒ.
Lengri Maghlaperidze

Lengri Maghlaperidze

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